World History Exam

Galileo

Used the telescope to improve the theories of Copernicus and Kepler.

Law of gravity

The theory that explains why planetary bodies stay in orbit around the sun.

Nicolas Copernicus

Proposed the idea that the universe was heliocentric.

Scientific method

To ask a question, do research, construct a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, analyze your data and draw conclusions, report your results.

Scientific Revolution foundations

Improved telescope, law of gravity.

Salons

Elegant drawing rooms in upper class homes that brought together many members of society to discuss the ideas of the philosophes.

Voltaire's idea

That the church and state should be separated.

Baron de Montesquieu's idea

The three branches; Legislative, Executive, and Judicial.

Rousseau's social contract

An entire society agrees to be governed by its general will, and all individuals should be forced to abide by it since it represents what is best for the entire community.

Adam Smith's economic ideals

Believes that the state (government) should not interrupt the economy.

Enlightened absolutism

Rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their royal powers.

Frederick II

Leader of Prussia during the Enlightened Absolutism.

Catherine the Great

Leader of Russia during the Enlightened Absolutism.

Joseph II

Leader of Austria during the Enlightened Absolutism.

Enlightened rulers

No, the rulers supported the enlightened ideas but would often fall short of the expectations.

Articles of Confederation

America's first constitution.

Stamp Act

It made citizens pay taxes when purchasing various goods.

Seven Years War

The war that set the stage for the American Revolution.

Bill of Rights

The first 10 amendments to the Constitution that guarantees certain freedoms.

Treaty of Paris 1763

France had given all its North American territories to Britain.

Treaty of Paris 1783

America became its own independent state.

Louis XIV

Known as the sun king.

L'etat c'est moi

I am the state.

Palace of Versailles

The palace that serves as a symbol for Louis's absolutism.

Un roi, une loi, une foi

One king, one faith, one law.

France's economic position

Before as they were in a lot of poverty after his rule.

Industrial Revolution origin

Began in Great Britain in the 1780s.

Cottage Industry

A method of manufacturing, where tasks are done by individuals in their rural homes.

James Watt

The inventor that developed the Steam Engine.

Urbanization

A process by which cities grow.

Causes of the Industrial Revolution in Britain

The agriculture revolution helped improve technology and food production, growth in population caused a need for more jobs, there was a large supply of natural resources such as rivers, coal and iron, and the markets helped increase the demand for goods.

Socialism

A political and economic philosophy.

Goal of European rulers after Napoleonic Wars

To restore stability and order in Europe.

Political and economic philosophy

It is a political and economic philosophy.

Liberalism

Liberalism emphasizes the importance of our individual rights; it may lead to a revolution if these rights are not taken into account when making decisions for your people.

Nationalism

Nationalism is when one has pride in their country; this may lead them to support all decisions made even if they are wrong choices.

Kaiser

It is an emperor consisting of Austrian or German roots.

Year of German and Italian unification

By the year 1871, both Germany and Italy would become unified states.

Abolitionism

It is a political movement when you advocate for the freedom of enslaved people.

German and Italian unification

It was made to create fragmented territories while still aiming to create unified nation-states.

Secularization

When you change something from being controlled by religion to non-religious.

Romanticism

Romanticism was a response to Enlightenment and industrial.

Values of Romantics

Individualism, emotion, nature, and innocence.

Guidance of behavior according to Romantics

According to Romantics, behavior should be guided by emotions, passion, intuition, and individual experience.

Difference between Romanticism and Realism

Realism leaned more to detail and accuracy of everyday life, while Romanticism focused on emotion, imagination, and the supernatural.

Driving force of the Industrial Revolution

Coal as there was a large supply of it.

Survival of the fittest

The theory developed by Charles Darwin.

Support for socialism in early Industrial Age

It led to great support as there were long hours, child labor, injury, and workers were underpaid.

Britain's avoidance of 1800s revolutions

It was able to reform and change.

Impact of the Spinning Jenny

It was able to increase production while reducing the cost of labor.

Capital

Money available for investment.

Entrepreneurs

A person who finds new business opportunities and new ways to make profits.

Evolution

Change in characteristics in a generation.

Natural selection

The key mechanism of evolution.

Agricultural revolution

It helped increase technology, new crops, better weather, increased food supply while decreasing the cost, and fed more people.

Victorian Age

A significant period in British history from June 20, 1837, to January 22, 1901.

Queen Victoria

The queen of the United Kingdom until she died at the age of 63.

Charles Darwin/Social Darwinism

Most 'fit' countries will succeed.

White Man's Burden

Christians or white men believed they had the responsibility to 'civilize' indigenous people.

Imperialism

When a country takes over another country to build an empire.

Militarism

Making your military bigger and stronger.

System of alliances

An agreement between two or more countries in support of each other.

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

Heir to the Austria-Hungary throne, this causes a conflict between Austria and Serbia.

Total war

Complete mobilization of resources and people causing all citizens to be affected.

Lawrence of Arabia

A British officer who convinced Arab princes to revolt against the Ottoman overlords.

Schlieffen Plan

To hold off Russia from the east while attacking France.

Czar Nicholas II

Leader of Russia at the start of WWI.

Allied powers

The allied powers were Britain, France, and Russia.

Central powers

The central powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire.

World War I start date

On July 28, 1914.

Propaganda

Used to spread and influence the public opinion against a cause, helping motivate and inform people.

November 11, 1918

An armistice occurred on the Western front.

Trench warfare

Fighting in ditches protected by barbed wire during WWI.

Grigori Rasputin

He had strong influence over Alexandra's decision making, but he was assassinated.

Red Army success

They used many different tactics such as propaganda, geographic positions, and had better leadership.

Factors leading to the Russian Revolution

Corruption, economic struggles, and food shortages.

Bolsheviks

A political party led by Vladimir Lenin.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

The name of the peace treaty signed between Russia and Germany.

U.S. entry into World War I

They entered due to Germany striking down their Louisiana ship.

Reparations

When a country pays back what another country has lost through the war.

Woodrow Wilson's fourteen points

Peace, self-determination, and to reduce militarism.

U.S. vs. Britain and France

It was less interested in territorial claims during the peace negotiations.

Treaty of Versailles

Ended WWI, causing Germany to reduce their military, Poland gained new nation, creation of new nations, and elimination of empires.

Franz Ferdinand

The heir to the Austri-Hungary throne.

Gavrilo Princip

Member of the Black Hand (a terrorist organization).

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Emperor of Germany.

The Battle of the Marne

Allowed German forces to advance quickly without much trouble, September 6-12, 1914.

Western Front

The German army invaded Luxembourg and Belgium.

Eastern Front

The frontier between Russia and Romania, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.

Lusitania

the ship sunken by Germany causing the U.S. to join the war

Provisional Government

A temporary government used to manage the country after a war happened.

Vladimir Lenin

led the Bolsheviks

Red Army

the red army supported communism

White Army

The white army opposed communism

Second Battle of the Marne

Germany attempts reformation, yet the allies no longer wanted to negotiate.

Woodrow Wilson

president of the United States and created the 14 points.

Fourteen Points

peace, self-determination, and reduction of military

League of Nations

allowed the new formation of nations.

Isolationism

avoids alliances with other nations

Interventionism

works with other nations to promote peace