Human Development Exam 1 (Ch. 1-6)

What are the three dimensions of development?

Physical, Cognitive, and Developmental

Continuous vs. Discontinuous Development

Continuous = gradual and cumulative

Discontinuous = distinct stages

Who created the Ecological Systems Theory?

Bronfenbrenner

What are the five levels of Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological System?

Microsystems → Mesosystem → Exosystem → Macrosystem → Chronosystem

Cross-sectional

Compare different ages at one time

Longitudinal

Same group over time

Sequential

Combination of both cross-sectional and longitudinal

Name one ethical issuer in research

Informed consent; confidentiality; protection from harm; right to withdraw; debriefing

List three methods of data collection in human development

Observation; surveys/interviews; case studies; standardized tests; physiological measures

What is polygenic inheritance? Give an example.

Trait influenced by multiple genes

Ex: Height, intelligence

Give one example of a passive gene-environment correlation

Musical parents → child inherits talent + musical home environment

Name one way to diagnose prenatal conditions

Ultrasound; amniocentesis; chronic villus sampling

Name the three prenatal periods

Germinal (0-2 weeks)

Embryonic (3-8 weeks)

Fetal (9 weeks-birth)

What is one barrier to prenatal care?

Lack of insurance; money; knowledge; or cultural barriers

List two teratogens

Alcohol; drugs; smoking

Name one paternal characteristic that could act as a teratogen

Advanced age, substance abuse, toxin exposure

What are the three stages of labor?

Dilation → Delivery of baby → Delivery of Placenta

What is one intervention for low-birthweight babies?

Kangaroo care; special nutrition; medical monitoring

List two things doctors check after birth.

Agar core; reflexes; weight/length; vital signs

What is the difference between cephalocaudal and proximodistal development?

Cephalocaudal = head down

Proximodistal = center outward

Define “failure to thrive”

Infant doesn’t gain weight or grow as expected.

Define synaptogenesis.

New connections

Define synaptic pruning

Elimination of unused

Define myelination

Faster transmission

What is the difference between experience-expectant vs. experience-dependent brain development?

Expectant = universal experiences (ex. Language exposure)

Dependent = unique individual learning

What is habituation?

Decreased response to repeated stimulus

Name one reflex and its response.

Rooting → turns head to touch

Moro → startle

Sucking → sucks when touched new mouth

Grasping → grabs finger

Operant vs. Classical Conditioning

Operant = reinforcement/punishment

Classical = association between stimuli

Piaget: Assimilation vs. Accommodation

Assimilation = fit new info into schema;

Accommodation = change schema

What are violation of expectation tasks?

Studies infants’ surprise when reality doesn’t match expectation

What is under-extension vs. over-extension in language?

Under = too narrow use

Over = too broad use

Give examples of infant/toddler talk.

Babbling; holophrases; telegraphic speech

Does sign language help or hurt speech development?

Helps. It encourages communication without delaying speech production.

What is social referencing?

Looking to caregivers for emotional cues in uncertain situations

Name the three temperament styles.

Easy; Difficult; Slow-to-warm-up

Name the four attachment styles

Secure; Avoidant; Resistant; Disorganized