Modules 4: CC Processors and Memory Contents CC

What is a microprocessor? It is the most? (3 things)

is an integrated circuit designed to process instructions

It is the most important, and usually the most expensive, component of a digital device

What Corporation is one of the world’s largest chipmakers and supplies a sizeable percentage of the microprocessors that power desktops and laptops

Intel Corporation

•Intel’s BLANK powered the original BLANK

8008

IBM PC

The BLANK family set the standard for processors used in many computers today

8086 chip

This standard is sometimes refers to as?

x86

•Modern descendants of the 8086 include Intel's Core i3, i5, and i7 microprocessors as well as AMD's Radeon and Ryzen microprocessors

Processors based on BLANK technology dominate in Apple's ecosystem and are found in most tablet computers and smartphones

ARM

ARM technology was originally designed by BLANK , a British technology company founded by Acorn Computers, Apple Inc., and VLSI Technology

ARM Holdings

ARM processors are BLANK—an important characteristic for battery-powered devices

Energy efficient

ARM processors are found in most?

Android smartphones, Apple’s iPads and iPhones, and Apple's Mac laptops and desktops

A microprocessor’s performance is affected by several factors, including …

clock speed, number of cores, processing techniques, cache size, word size, and instruction set

•A processor specification, such as 3.4 GHz, indicates the speed of the BLANK—a timing device that sets the pace for executing instructions

Microprocessor clock

BLANK is the smallest unit of time in a microprocessor’s universe

Cycle

•Every action a processor performs is measured by BLANK

BLANK means a billion cycles per second

•Gigahertz (GHz)

A microprocessor that contains circuitry for more than one processing unit is called a BLANK

multi-core processor

What is RAM

(random access memory) is a temporary holding area for data, application program instructions, and the operating system

Higher RAM capactiy adds to the ?

Expense of the device

•In RAM, microscopic electronic parts called BLANK hold the bits that represent data

Capacitors

Most RAM is volatile meaning?

meaning it needs electrical power to hold data

What is ROM?

(read-only memory) is a type of memory circuitry that is housed in a single integrated circuit on the system board

What is the boot loader?

ROM contains a small set of instructions and data called the boot loader that tells a digital device how to start

Magnetic storage technology is the foundation for the ?

hard disk drives in desktop computers, laptops, and enterprise servers

Magnetic Storage?

Represents data by magnetizing microscopic particles on a disk or tape surface

A hard disk drive ?

contains one or more platters and their associated read-write heads

A hard disk platter?

A hard disk platter is a flat, rigid disk made of aluminum or glass and coated with magnetic iron oxide particles

What is a read-write head mechanism

A read-write head mechanism in the disk drive magnetizes particles to write data, and senses the particles’ polarities to read data

CDs and DVDs are classified as ?

Optical storage

Optical storage

optical storage, which represents data as microscopic light and dark spots on the disc surface

How does the optical drive work?

An optical drive contains a laser that directs a beam of light toward the underside of the disc

•Reflected light is collected by a lens and converted into 0s and 1s that represent data

A BLANK typically handles CDs and DVDs, but the costs and capacities of these discs vary

single optical drive

(sometimes called flash memory) stores data in erasable, rewritable circuitry, rather than on spinning disks or streaming tape

Solid state storage

Once the data is stored, it is ? Meaning?

non-volatile, meaning the circuits retain data without an external power source

What is housed on an external device that can be accessed from a network

•Remote storage

Remote storage can also be available as an Internet service, in which case it is called BLANK

•Cloud storage is provided to individuals by services such as Apple iCloud, Microsoft OneDrive, Google Drive, and Dropbox

Cloud storage

•Some cloud implementations offer a synchronization feature that ?

automatically duplicates files stored on a local device by also saving them in the cloud

•Cloud storage BLANK for consumers who want to access files from several digital devices

is inexpensive and convenient

Cloud storage has several drawbacks

•Security and privacy risks: the more places your data is stored and the more networks on which it travels, the more susceptible it becomes to intercepts from hackers and government spying agencies

•Service outages: when a cloud storage site has an outage, all the data stored there becomes temporarily inaccessible

•Discontinuation of service: some cloud storage providers have closed down their services with little warning

What is a backup?

A backup is a copy of one or more files that is made in case the originals become damaged

•Backing up everything isn’t always practical

There are lots of options available for gadgets that accompany your digital devices

•Peripheral devices are classified as?

Input, output, or mixed devices

•Many digital devices have BLANK in the system unit that can be opened or closed

•These ports are called BLANK because they expand the options for input, output, and storage

Ports

Expansion ports

Example of expansion port

When you plug in a USB flash drive or insert a memory card, you are using an expansion port

If you want to connect more devices than the available number of USB ports, you can use a?

USB hub

A common wireless technology for connecting peripherals is ?

Blutetooth

Bluetooth characteristics?

Bluetooth is a low-power technology, so it is ideal for mobile devices that don’t have big batteries

•Bluetooth is used to connect wireless headsets to smartphones

•Bluetooth is built into many smartphones, tablets, laptops, and desktops

What is a device driver?

•A device driver is software that helps a peripheral device establish communication with its host device

Example of a device driver?

For example, the device driver for an HP printer sets up data streams from RAM to the printer and makes sure that the data is formatted in a way that the printer can work with

Factors that affect image quality

•Screen size: the measurement in inches from one corner of the screen diagonally across to the opposite corner

•Response rate: the time it takes for one pixel to change from black to white then back to black

•Dot pitch (dp): the distance in millimeters between like-colored crystals within the grid of crystals that forms an image on the screen

•Screen resolution: the number of horizontal and vertical pixels that a device displays on the screen

Today’s best-selling multifunction printers use BLANK and can also serve as scanners, copiers, and fax machines

Ink jet or laser technology

What is an ink jet printer?

•An ink jet printer has a nozzle-like print head that sprays ink onto paper to form characters and graphics

What is a laser printer?

paints dots of light on a light-sensitive drum, applies electrostatically charged ink to the drum, and then transfers the ink to paper

Autonomous Vehicles:

What is Lidar?

(light detection and radar) is a key input for the computer algorithms that steer an autonomous vehicle, but radar, sonar, infrared, GPS, cameras, and internal navigation systems also supply essential data

LiDAR systems determine? Range?

•Lidar systems determine distance to obstacles using laser range finders based on the time it takes for the laser beam to reach an object and return    

•Range for this device is about 650 feet (200 meters), and 360-degree Lidar arrays can gather millions of data points per second to map objects in a 65-foot radius of the vehicle