KSU Bio 198 Exam 7

Characteristics of an animal

Multicellular, heterotrophic, aerobic metabolism, no cell walls, sexual reproduction, and motile

Bilateral Symmetry

Has a left and right side

Radial symmetry

Around an axis and has multiple planes

Asymmetry

No organization

Germ Layers

Endoderm (inside), mesoderm, ectoderm (outside)

Endoderm

Inside layer where intestines and internal organs are derived

Mesoderm

Middle layer where muscles and bones are derived

Ectoderm

Outside layer where skin and nervous system is derived

Coelom

A body cavity that is lined by tissue derived from the mesoderm

Body cavity

A fluid filled space around the internal organs

Advantages of a coelom

Allows animals to evolve more complex internal structures and be more flexible in their movement

Segmentation

Allows independent movement of body parts

Cephalization

Development of a head structure

Tissues

Layers of cells that all have the same structure and functions

Muscles types

Smooth, skeletal, cardiac

Smooth muscle

No striations, single nuclei, involuntary movement

Skeletal muscle

Has striations, many nuclei, voluntary movement

Cardiac muscle

Has striations, single nuclei, involuntary movement

Function of epithelial tissue

Protection, secretion, absorption

Epithelial tissue

Covers the outside of organs and structures insides the body (skin)

Types of epithelial tissue

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

Squamous epithelial cells

flat, irregular round shape

Cuboidal epithelial cells

Cube shaped

Columnar epithelial cells

tall and narrow

Function of connective tissue

Protection and support of tissues and organs

Examples of connective tissue

adipose, blood, bone, cartilage

Function of nervous tissue

send signals throughout the body and is responsible for coordination of many functions in response to stimuli

Examples of nervous tissue

neurons and neuroglia

Neurons

Collect, process, and send information to all parts of the body

Neuroglia

Support, protect, and maintain homeostasis around neurons

Homeostasis

The maintenance of internal conditions

Negative feedback

A change in the opposite direction

Positive feedback

A change in the same direction (increases the change)

Incomplete digestive system

Only one opening, ingested food and excreted waste products pass thru the same opening

Complete digestive system

Two openings, food goes in one and waste goes out the other

Components of the digestive system

Mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, large intestine

Function of digestive system

Digestion and absorption of molecules needed to maintain cellular functions

Where is fat digested?

Small intestine

Where is bile found?

It is produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder

Function of bile

Assists in the digestion of fats

Vitamins vs Minerals

Vitamins organic, minerals inorganic

Vitamins are water and fat soluble

Vitamins come from body, minerals come from food

Herbivores

Plant based

Carnivores

Eat other animals only

Omnivores

Both plants and animals

Function of respiratory system

Deliver oxygen to cells of body's tissue and remove carbon dioxide

Main structures of the respiratory system

Nasal cavity, trachea, lungs

Function of circulatory system

Move oxygen throughout the body so it can be used to make energy

Respiration vs Breathing

Respiration is a cellular process and breathing is an organismic process

What two systems work together to create gas exchange?

Respiratory and circulatory

Main transportation of oxygen

Hemoglobin

Main transportation of carbon dioxide

Plasma in the form of bicarbonate ion

Bicarbonate buffering system

Where carbon dioxide diffuses into red blood cells

Closed circulatory system

Blood is in a vessel at all times. The blood is pumped by heart through the vessels

Open circulatory system

Blood is pumped into hemocoel (cavity) and diffuses back to the circulatory system

Mammals and birds heart structure

4 chambers - 2 atria and 2 ventricles

Reptiles heart structure

3 chambers - 2 atria and 1 ventricle

Fish heart structure

2 chambers - 1 atria and 1 ventricle

Arteries

Take blood away from the heart, carry oxygenated blood

Veins

Bring blood back to the heart, carry deoxygenated blood

Capillaries

Site of gas exchange where red blood cells fit through in a single filed line

Flow of blood

1. Vena cava (UO)

2. Right atrium (UO)

3. Right ventricle (UO)

4. Pulmonary artery (UO)

5. Lungs

6. Pulmonary vein (O)

7. Left atrium (O)

8. Left ventricle (O)

9. Aorta (O)

10. Body

Components of blood

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

Circulate blood through the body delivery oxygen to cells

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

Involved in immune response to identify and target pathogens

Thrombocytes (platelets)

They stick together to cover a wound and prevent too much bleeding

Central Nervous System

Brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system

Everything but brain and spinal cord, specifically sensory and motor neurons

Sensory (afferent) neuron

Detect information from external environment or internal sources and carry it to the CNS

Motor (efferent) neuron

Control muscles and endocrine glands

Interneurons

Receive information from sensory neurons and transmits it to motor neuron

Parts of a neuron

Dendrites, axon, cell body, synapse

Dendrites

Projections that carry signals TOWARD the cells body

Axon

A single, long projection from a cell that carries signals AWAY from the cell body

Cell body

Contains nucleus and other organisms

Synapse

Junction between two nerve cells where information is transmitted from one neuron to another

Hormones

produced by one organ and affect the activities of other organs and move via the bloodstream from the site of production to the site of action

Target cells

cells that have a receptor for the chemical

Two types of hormones

Steroid and peptide

Gonadotropins

Hormones that regulate the gonads (FSH and LH)

Function of FSH

Stimulates the maturation of sperm cells and development of eggs

What produces insulin?

Beta cells in the pancreas

Function of insulin

Lower blood glucose levels

What produces glucagon?

Alpha cells in the pancreas

Function of glucagon

Raise blood glucose levels

What causes diabetes mellitus?

Impaired insulin function

Hypoglycemia

Low blood sugar

What is the normal number of parathyroid glands?

4

Function of the parathyroid gland

Produce parathyroid hormone that increases blood calcium levels

What does the adrenal cortex produce?

Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

Adrenaline and norepinephrine

Endocrine Glands

Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid glands, Adrenal glands, Pancreas, Pineal gland, Gonads

First hormonal response to food

Salvation

Digestive phases

Cephalic phase, Gastric phase, Intestinal phase

Gastrin

Secreted by G cells in the stomach and stimulate the release hydrochloric acid

Secretin

Stimulates the pancreas to produce alkaline bicarbonate solution and deliver it to the duodenum

Fragmentation

the breaking of an individual into parts followed by regeneration

Parthenogenesis

a form of asexual reproduction in which an egg develops into an individual without being fertilized

Hermaphroditism

occurs in animals in which one individual has both male and female reproductive systems

Layers of skin

Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis

Epidermis

composed of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium and has 4-5 layers of epithelial cells