AP World History Period 2 (1450-1750)

Akbar

Greatest of the Munghal rulers; greatest achievement was cultural blending and religious toleration.

Suleyman the Magnificent

Brought Ottoman Empire to its height; he created a law code that governed criminal and civil issues; he created a simplified and fair tax system to raise money for his empire; and he granted freedom to Christians and Jews who lived in the empire.

Babur

A Muslim who founded Mughal empire

Mehmet II

Under his rule, the Ottomans laid siege on Constantinople.

Shah Abbas the Great

Revitalized the Safavid empire; modernized military; sought European alliances; permitted European merchants and missionaries.

Shah Ismail

Founder of Safavid empire

Shah

Title for Safavid rulers; Persian title for king

Sharia law

Islamic law

Janissaries

Elite soldiers that are trained to be loyal to the Ottoman government

Istanbul

Used to be Constantinople, capital of the Ottoman Empire

Sultans

Ottoman rulers who governed with absolute power

Taj Mahal

Greatest example of Mughal architecture; built by shah jahan

Xenophobia

Fear of outsiders

Suleyman the Lawgiver

Name given to suleyman because he created a law code that governed criminal and civil issues

Exports of gunpowder empires

Sill, carpet, spices, ceramics, crafts, pepper, jewels, metal, and artwork.

Ottoman; Turkey, Safavid; Persia, and Mughal; India.

Locations of the 3 gunpowder empires.

Ottoman

Tobacco was popular in which empire?

Mughal

Great Britain caused the collapse of which empire?

Shia Muslims

The Safavids were ruled by who?

Autocratic

Gunpowder empires had _______ rule

Military conquest

Gunpowder empires are based on ______ _______.

Non-Muslim

Mughals ruled over predominately _______ population.

Mecca

What place fell under Ottoman control

Akbar

The most famous emperor of India's Mughal
Empire (r. 1556-1605); his policies are noted for
their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion.

Columbian Exchange

The massive transatlantic interaction and exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia that began in the period of European exploration and colonization.

Conquistadores

Spanish conquerors of the Native American lands, most notably the Aztec and Inca empires.

Constantinople, 1453

The capital and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror," an event that
marked the end of Christian Byzantium.

Creoles

Spaniards born in the Americas.

Devshirme

The tribute of boy children that the
Ottoman Turks levied from their Christian subjects
in the Balkans; the Ottomans raised the boys for
service in the civil administration or in the elite
Janissary infantry corps.

The Great Dying

Term used to describe the devastating
demographic impact of European-borne epidemic
diseases on the Americas.

Jizya

Special tax levied on non-Muslims in Islamic
states; the Mughal Empire was notable for abolishing
it for a time.

Mercantilism

An economic theory that argues that
governments best serve their states' economic interests
by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion.

Mestizo

Literally, "mixed"; a term used to describe
the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies
in the Americas.

Mulatto

Term commonly used for people of mixed
African and European blood.

Ottoman Empire

Major Islamic state centered on
Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near
East, and much of North Africa.

Peninsulare

In the Spanish colonies of Latin America,
the term used to refer to people who had been
born in Spain; they claimed superiority over
Spaniards born in the Americas.

Plantation complex

Agricultural system based on
African slavery that was used in Brazil, the
Caribbean, and the southern colonies of North
America.

Qing Dynasty

Ruling dynasty of China from 1644
to 1912; these rulers were originally from
Manchuria, which had conquered China.

Settler colonies

Colonies in which the colonizing
people settled in large numbers, rather than simply
spending relatively small numbers to exploit the
region; particularly noteworthy in the case of the
British colonies in North America.

Siberia

Russia's great frontier region, a vast territory
of what is now central and eastern Russia, most of
it unsuited to agriculture but rich in mineral
resources and fur-bearing animals.

African diaspora

Name given to the spread of
African peoples across the Atlantic via the slave trade.

British/Dutch East India companies

Private trading companies chartered by the governments of England and the Netherlands around 1600; they were given monopolies on Indian Ocean trade, including the right to make war and to rule conquered peoples.

Daimyo

Feudal lords of Japan who ruled with virtual
independence thanks to their bands of samurai warriors.

Indian Ocean Commercial Network

The massive, interconnected web of commerce in premodern times between the lands that bordered on the Indian Ocean (including East Africa, India, and Southeast Asia); the network was badly disrupted by Portuguese intrusion beginning around 1500.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese mariner who commanded the first European (Spanish) fleet to circumnavigate the globe (1519-1521).

Middle Passage

Name commonly given to the journey
across the Atlantic undertaken by African slaves
being shipped to the Americas.

Samurai

The warrior elite of medieval Japan.

Shogun

In Japan, a supreme military commander.

Soft gold

Nickname used in the early modern
period for animal furs, highly valued for their
warmth and as symbols of elite status; in several
regions, the fur trade generated massive wealth for
those engaged in it.

Spanish Phillipines

An archipelago of Pacific islands colonized by Spain in a relatively bloodless process that extended for the century or so after 1565, a process accompanied by a major effort at evangelization

Tokugawa Shogunate

Military rulers of Japan who successfully unified Japan politically by the early seventeenth century and established a "closed door" policy toward European encroachments.

Trading post empire

Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples.

Catholic Counter-Reformation

An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability.

Copernicus

Polish mathematician and
astronomer (1473-1543) who was the first to argue
for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos.

Council of Trent

The main instrument of the Catholic Counter-Reformation (1545-1563), at which the Catholic Church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses.

Charles Darwin

Highly influential English biologist (1809-1882) whose theory of natural selection continues to be seen by many as a threat to revealed religious truth.

European Enlightenment

European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society.

Galileo

Italian astronomer (1564-1642) who
further developed the ideas of Copernicus and
whose work was eventually suppressed by the
Catholic Church.

Jesuits in China

Series of Jesuit missionaries in the
late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who,
inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made
extraordinary efforts to understand and become a
part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert
the Chinese elite, although with limited success

Martin Luther

German priest and theologian (1483-1546) who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe.

Isaac Newton

English natural scientist (1643-1727) whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution.

Ninety-Five Theses

List of debating points about the abuses of the Church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg in 1517; the Church's strong reaction eventually drove Luther to separate from Catholic Christianity.

Protestant Reformation

Massive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther; while the leaders of the movement claimed that they sought to "reform" a Church that had fallen from biblical practice, in reality the movement was radically
innovative in its challenge to Church authority and
its endorsement of salvation "by faith alone."

Scientific Revolution

Great European intellectual
and cultural transformation that was based on the
principles of the scientific method.

Sikhism

Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak ca. 1500; combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women.

Thirty Year's War

Highly destructive war (1618-1648) that eventually included most of Europe; fought for the most part between Protestants and Catholics, the conflict ended with the Peace of Westphalia (1648).

Millet System

Divided regions in the Ottoman Empire by religion (Orthodox Christians, Jews, Armenian Christians, Muslims). Leaders of each millet supported the Sultan in exchange for power over their millet.

Encomienda System

A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slavery.

Hacienda system

replaced the encomienda system. Native Americans exchanged their labor for low wages on plantations throughout the Spanish Empire.

Gunpowder Empires

Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal

Sunni Gunpowder Empires

Ottoman and Mughal Empires

Shia Gunpowder Empire

Safavid Empire