Skeletal system

Sports science

Head

Crainium

Jaw

Mandible

Collar

Clavical

Back

Scapula

Breast

Sternum

Torso

Rib cage

Funny bone in arm

Humorus

Thumb side

Radius

Pinki side

Ulna

Behind the rib cage,

Vertabrae

Hips

Pelvis

Wrist

Carpals

Hand

Tarsales

Fingers

Phalanges

Thigh/big bone

Femur

Knee

Patella

Tall one

tibia

Fat one

Fibia

Ankle

Tarsals

Foot

Metatarsales

Toes

Phalanges

Vertebral Column

33 individual bones; 24 are unfused or separate, and the other 9 are fused. 95% of the column is involved in the movements you make.

Functions of the vertebral.

Axis - Turning side to side.

Support - provides vital structural support by carrying the weight of the head, neck, and trunk.

Movement - the combined, flexible bending and twisting of the spine.

Protection - Hollow centre for the spinal cord.

Cervical

7 unfused bones that support the head

Thoracic

12 unfused bones that connect to the rib cage and spinal column and form a sheild over the heart and lungs.

Lumbar

5 unfused bones that are the largest of the vertebrae and have high weight-carrying capacity.

Provides a large attachment site for powerful muscles to pull on.

Sacrum

5 unfused bones that fuse to the pelvis.

They distribute weight to the pelvis.

Coccyx

4 fused bones form the base of the column (tailbone).

Ossification

The process by which the bone is formed from cartilage

The cartilage is calcified into bone and hardens.

Children - 300 bones

Adults - 206 bones

Axial Skeleton

80 bones

Protects vital organs

Skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

Appendicular Skeleton

126 bones

The main thing is movement

Bones that make up the limbs of the body.

Pelvis, clavicle, scapula.

Functions

Cranium - Protects the soft part of the brain

Ribs - Protects the heart and lungs

Pelvic Girdle - Protects the reproductive organs.

Vertebral column - Protects the spinal cord: a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue that send messages around the body.

Functions of the human skeleton

Protection - some bones protect vital organs.

Movement - provides an attachment site to allow movement.

Shape and support - holds your vital organs in place. The vertebral column holds the body upright—Aids posture.

Blood protection - protection in the bone marrow of some bones.

Storage - bones store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.eR

Red blood cells

(Haemoglobin) Carries oxygen gas, 02.

White blood cells.

protects againts infection.

Types of bones.

Long - Femur, humerus, tibia, clavicle, fibula, phalanges.

Short - Carpals, tarsals.

Flat - Scapula, sternum, cranium, ribs.

Irregular - Vertebrae, pelvis, bones of the face.

Sesamoid - Patella.

Joints

Where two or more bones meet (articulation).

Muscles are attached to bones. When muscles contract, they pull on bones, and movement occurs at a joint.

3 main types.

Fibrous joints.

Cannot move at all.

Held together closely.

Between the skull bones.

Joints in tooth sockets.

Cartilaginous Joints

Some/slight movements.

Bones are held together by discs of white fibrocartilage.

Between the sternum and ribs.

Synovial

The greatest amount of movement

Synovial/articular capsule

Synovial membrane - on the inner layer of the capsule, which secretes a lubricating fluid known as synovial fluid.

Hyaline/articular cartilage.

6 types.

Gliding joint

Bones that can move over one another to increase flexibility.

Gliding/sliding movements only

Between carpals, tarsals, and vertebrae.

Condyloid / Ellipsoid joint.

Bones move past one another. Flexion, extension and sideways

movement.

Flexion, extension and sideways movement.

Where the carpals meet the ulna and

radius (wrist).

Pivot joint.

turning motions

Rotation movements only.

Neck and Radioulnar joint (near the elbow).

saddle joint

Allows bending motion in several directions without sliding.

Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and

some circumduction.

Thumb

Hinge

Motion only in one plane or direction.

Flexion and extension only.

Elbow, Knee, Ankle.

Ball and socket

greatest range of movement.

Flexion, extension, adduction,

abduction, rotation, and

circumduction

Hip and shoulder.

joint movements

Flexion

Extension

Abduction

Adduction

Rotation

Circumduction

Supination

Pronation

Dorsiflexion

Plantarflexion

Flexion and Extension

Flexion - Decrease in angle (Elbow, Knee, Hip, Shoulder, Wrist)

Extension - Increase in angle (Elbow, Knee, Hip, Shoulder, Wrist)

Abduction and Adduction

Abduction - Movement away from the midline of the body. (shoulder and hip).

Adduction - Towards the midline. (Shoulder and hip.)

Roatation and Circumduction

Rotation - When a bone turns on its own axis. (Neck, shoulder, and hip.)

Circumduction - When a limb moves in a circular fashion. (shoulder and hip.

Supination and Pronation

Supination - Forearm is rotated, turning the hand from palm down to palm up.

Pronation - Forearm is rotated, turning the hand from palm up to palm down.

Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion

Dorsiflexion - Toes are pointing up

Plantarflexion - Toes pointing down.