Personality

personality

someone’s characteristic pattern of thinking and acting

Stage Theories

theories that believe that development takes place in discontinuous and distinct phases

Sigmund Freud

father of psychoanalysis. believed that personality was set in **childhood**. most of his ideas have been discredited

Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual stages

childhood stages of development where the child focuses on specific erogenous zones. these sexual urges are an important determinant of personality

oedipus complex (sigmund freud)

a boys sexual desires toward his mother and jealousy toward his father. phallic stage. girls experience electra complex

(sigmund freud) unconscious

reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts. basement of the brain

id (sigmund freud)

personality structure. inborn biological urges. operated on pleasure principle. devil on your shoulder

ego (sigmund freud)

personality structure. in between. operates on reality principle. mediated id and superego. partly conscious thoughts

superego (sigmund freud)

personality structure. morality. develops from culture and environment. operates on morality principle. guilt

defense mechanisms (sigmund freud)

how the ego ‘protects itself’. tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety. safeguard the ego. distorts reality

personal unconscious (Carl Jung)

contains the painful and threatening memories and thoughts someone doesn’t want to confront

collective unconscious (Carl Jung)

Shared, inherited collection of unconscious knowledge and experience common to all humans

complexes (Carl Jung)

the memories and thoughts stored in our personal unconscious that we don’t want to confront

archetypes (Carl Jung)

universal concepts we all share as a species

trait theories

focus on differences between people. identifying and measuring individual personality characteristics

big five traits

CANOE- openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.

factor analysis

heritability

temperament

somatotype theory

reciprocal determinism (Albert Bandura)

the person, environment, and behavior interact to determine personality. personalities shape how we **react** to events

self efficacy

the belief that you can do something increases chances you can. opposite of learned helplessness

locus of control

ones belief about what controls behavior. in turn impacts behavior

internal locus of control

their own actions will result in the outcome they are seeking. determined by hard work or decisions

external locus of control

outside forces determine the outcome experienced. luck or fate, not in your control. learned helplessness

self concept

persons global feeling about themself, develops through their involvement with others. positive self concept=high self esteem

self esteem

how much you value yourself

self actualization

our need to fill our unique potential and goals. nearly impossible. all people strive to fulfill their natural desire to achieve their full potential

unconditional positive regard (carl rogers)

showing complete support and acceptance of a person no matter what

projective tests

personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli. commonly used by psychoanalysists. rorschach inkblot tests and TAT

rorschach inkblot test

most used test. 10 inkblots. asked what they resemble

thematic apperception test (TAT)

test where people express their inner feelings and interests through stories they make up about ambiguous pictures. 30 cards

self report inventories

most common form of testing, answering series of questions about themselves. MMPI-2

MMPI-2

widely used assessment for diagnosing mental health disorders, used in legal cases

barnum effect

karen horney

feminist perspective to freud . men and women are envious of each other, womb envy

carl jung

early follower of sigmund freud. thought people share collective unconscious

alfred adler

emphasized social interest as the primary determinant of behavior. people strive for superiority an compensate for inferiority. birthorder

hans eysneck

developed a model of personality of just 3 universal traits

raymond cattell

believed that 16 traits are the source of all human psychology

gordon allport

researched conscious motivation and personal traits. 3 levels

robert mccrae and paul costa

developed 5 personality dimensions. openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism. BIG 5 personality test

william sheldon

B.F. Skinner

Albert Bandura

proposed reciprocal determinism changes personality. BoBo Doll

George Kelly

Julian Rotter

believed that people make choices that shed light onto their personality and satisfy their psychological needs

Abraham Maslow

believed personality is a reflection of the needs a person is striving to satisfy. humanist

Carl Rogers

self-theory. consistent set of beliefs and perceptions about ourselves