5.2: Human Population

Gross Domestic Product

annual market value of all goods and services of a country

per capita gdp

gross domestic product divided by the population of a country

purchasing power parity

comparison between two country’s ability to buy goods or services

per capita ppp

measure of the amount of goods and services that a country’s average citizen could repurchase

what is the goal of economic development

to use the economic growth to improve living conditions

what is the goal of an environmentally sustainable economic growth

to improve living conditions and keeping the well being of the environment and future generations in mind

what two things does the UN use to classify countries

level of industrialization

per capita GDP PPP

Developed countries

1.2 billion people, highly industrialized and have high per capita GDP PPP

Developing countries

6.8 billion people, less/ not industrialized, lower per capita GDP PPP

Developing countries: middle income

moderately developed countries

developing countries: low income

least developed countries

97% of projected population growth to 2050 is expected to be in the ________ countries

developing

rule of 70

how long it will take for a population to double in size

rule of 70 solving equation

current population size/ growth rate as percent

what is the current growth rate of the human population

1.22%

what are the assumptions made with the j curve growth of population

women have 2.5 children most and 1.5 children least

what 3 factors contribute to the J curve growth

humans gain the ability to expand into new habitats and climate zones

new way to produce more food to support more people

sanitation and medical breakthroughs

which two countries make up 36% of the world’s population

China and India

which country is third place in largest population, making up 4% of the world’s population

USA

First carrying capacity belief

there are already too many people and ecological damage and species decline has already started

First carrying capacity belief: developing countries

high populations in developing countries can’t support themselves, and high resource use by the rapidly developing countries

what are the 2 big concepts in conservation

population growth

resource consumption

list some ways that humans have altered nature to meet our needs

reduce biodiversity

eliminate natural predators

introduce invasive species

using renewable resources faster than they can be replenished

Second carrying capacity belief

technology has allowed us to grow and future developments will enable us to continue growing. this is necessary for economic growth, and population is the greatest resource to fix environmental problems

Third carrying capacity belief

attempting to regulate population growth is a violation of religion/ freedom

what is the first consequence of exponential population growth

death rates increase because of declining health and environmental conditions

what is the second consequence of exponential population growth

resource use and environmental damage will increase as ecological footprint of developing countries expands

what 3 factors influence size of human population

birth rate

death rate

migration

birth rate

individuals born in a population

death rate

individuals that die in a population

immigration

individuals that move into a population

emigration

individuals that move out of a population

population size change equation

(birth rate+ immigration)-(death rate+ emigration)

fertility rate

measurement of children born to a woman in her lifetime

what are the two types of fertility rates that affect population size and growth rate

replacement level fertility rate

total fertility rate

Replacement level fertility rate

average number of kids a couple needs to replace themselves

what is the replacement level fertility rate in developed countries vs developing countries

2.1 vs 2.5

what does replacement level fertility rate account for

children’s deaths before becoming reproductive

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

actual average number of children born to women in a population

what is the total fertility rate (TFR) in developed countries vs developing countries

1.6 vs 2.6

what is the global TFR

2.3

how does child labor affect fertility rates and birth rates

families in developing countries have more kids to work for more income

how does cost of raising and educating children affect fertility rates and birth rates

costs a lot to raise a child in developed countries, so families have fewer children

how does availability of private and public pension systems affect fertility rates and birth rates

healthy pension, couples need fewer children to support them in retirement

how does urbanization affect fertility rates and birth rates

cities have easier access to family planning services

rural populations need children to work

dense population may lead to decrease in births

how does educating and employing women affect fertility rates and birth rates

countries with opportunities for women have 2 or less children per couple

how does infant mortality rate affect fertility rates and birth rates

couples have fewer children

how does average marriage age affect fertility rates and birth rates

women who marry at 25+ have fewer children

how does availability of birth control and abortions affect fertility rates and birth rates

decrease in number of births

how do culture and religious beliefs/ traditions affect fertility rates and birth rates

favor large families and oppose birth control/ abortion

what are the 3 factors that affect death rates

availability of food and nutrition

medical advances

sanitation and clean water

what are the 2 indicators of a healthy county

life expectancy and infant mortality rate

what are the 2 reasons why US is ranked 48th in life expectancy

lack health insurance

infant morality rate

what does infant mortality rate show about a country

level of nutrition and healthcare, malnutrition, and high incidence of disease

what are the 3 main reasons for infant mortality rate

bad health care for poor pregnant women

drug addiction among pregnant women

high birth rate among teenagers

US Baby boom

1946-1964 had a peak TFR of 3.7 children per woman

with the 4x increase in population between 1900-2000, what has also increased

per capita resource use/ ecological footprint

up until 1960 most immigrants came from …

Europe

immigration counts for how much of the US’s growth?

5/6

reduce legal immigration argument

stabilizing population and reduce ecological footprint

against reducing legal immigration argument

diminishes historical role of the US

what are the benefits of having immigrants in the US

immigrants pay taxes, take low paying jobs, create jobs, add cultural vitality, help in the global market

immigrants take care of retired population, maintain worker to retiree ration

Age structure

number of males and females among specific age groups

pre-reproductive

0-14

reproductive age

15-44

post reproductive

45 and over

what does a large elderly population and small young population mean for a country

increased medical and social security paid by taxes on a smaller work force, labor shortages

list some problems with rapid population decline

labor shortages

less technology development

retirement age increased, pensions cut

describe the population problems in africa

AIDS kills working class- less workers and less to care for elderly

drops in life expectancy

what is the 2 part plan to help African countries combatting aids

reduce HIV through education and health care

provide financial assistance for education and health care and volunteers to care for young and old

Demographic transition hypothesis- pre industrial

slow growth bc of high infant mortality and high death rate

low food, medicine, and sanitation

Demographic transition hypothesis- transitional

rapid growth from better food, sanitation, and health care

decreased death rate but birth rate stays high bc of cultural reasons

Demographic transition hypothesis- industrial

slow growth bc birth rate decreases bc of education and opportunities improve as culture adapts

Demographic transition hypothesis- post-industrial

population levels off

Demographic trap

population growth overwhelms improvements in food, medicine, and sanitation

fall back to stage 1 but with larger population size

what is the key to prevent the demographic trab

in transition stage country needs to bring birth rate down as quickly as death rate

Family planning

reduces abortions and decreases deaths among women and children

what are the big problems with family planning

many pregnancies in developing countries are unplanned, ¼ ending in abortions

couples in developing countries want to limit children they have but don’t have access to family planning

what are the 3 ways to slow population growth

invest in family planning

reduce poverty

elevate social and economic status of women

China- one child policy

wanted to prevent famine

almost ½ are living in poverty

forced sterilization and abortions

imbalance btw male and female children

not enough kids to pay for elderly

China- environmental and resource problems

little of world’s fresh water, forests, and oil reserves

building islands in south china sea

heavily pollute environment to rise to development

ecological footprint only increases with population becoming more affluent

India population

most populous country, good economic growth, but ¼ well below poverty

India- environmental problems

little freshwater, forests, and oil reserves, degraded cropland from erosion, water pollution, malnutrition