Animal Biologics: Creating Sustainability, Adding Value, and Providing Novel Solutions to Address Modern-day Challenges (AnSci Exam #2)

Learning Objectives

What is the largest consumption of meat in the US?

Poultry

What is food loss & waste?

Food and/or associated inedible parts that are removed from the food supply chain

What percent of the carcass is discarded at slaughter?

~40-50%

What are these discarded components used for?

Either used for rendering or may end up in landfills

• Ex. shipping blood after slaughters

Why do we care and what is the purpose of Animal Biologics as a field?

Opportunity to promote more sustainable practices and add value to existing animals

What is the classic definition of Animal By-Product?

All parts of a live animal that are not part of the dressed carcass

What is the forward-thinking definition of Animal Biologics?

Each tissue has bioactive tissues/molecules that can be gleaned from an animal during processing, that can be isolated for repurposing

What are the 4 goals of Animal Biologics in Agriculture?

1. Improve sustainability

2. Add value

3. Reduce waste

4. Promote health

What are the 2 economies in Animal Biologics?

1. Linear Economy

2. Circular Economy

What is a linear economy

Take-make-use-waste

What is a circular economy?

Reduce, reuse, recycle, and recover materials

Which type of economy best illustrates the use of animal biologics?

Circular Economy

List the steps of the creation of Animal Co-Products

1. Start with animal

2. Gets broken down into carcass part (meat)

3. Then broken down into non-carcass part (non-edible co-products)

4. Then discard pile: gastrointestinal tract content, trimming, fetus

5. These discards can then be processed for fabric/cosmetic/pharmaceutical industries

What are examples of Edible Co-Products?

• liver

• kidney

• heart

• tongue

• spleen

• trachea

• lung

• gizzard

• neck (poultry)

What are examples of Edible/Inedible Co-Products

• stomach

• intestines

• shanks

• tallow

• leg

• testes tail

• head

• tail

• tendon

• feed (poultry)

What are examples of Inedible Co-Products?

• glands

• fluids (blood)

• hair/fur

• udders

• fetus

• repro organs

• accessory sex organs

• combs (poultry)

• bile

• rumen digesta

• skin/hide

• feathers

• horns

• bone

• hooves

• scales (fish)

• teeth

What are bones used for?

• buttons

• glue

• mineral supplement for livestock

What are fats used for?

• chemicals

• salves

• creams

• dressings

• lubricants

• soaps

• food

What are glands used for?

• pharmaceutical drugs

• food additives

What are connective tissues/joints used for?

• glue

• gelatin

What are stomach/intestinal tissues used for?

• lunch meats

• surgical sutures

• strings for musical instruments/sports rackets

What is manure/intestinal contents used for?

fertilizer

Why are inedible tissues important?

contain many organs that are essential to sustain life in an animal

What are some aspects for identifying viable and marketable animal biologics?

• must be safe

• naturally occurring with no genetic engineering required

• exhibit scalability

What biologic was created from porcine and bovine pancreas glands?

Insulin

What was the problem that led to Insulin?

Pre 1921 - Childhood diabetes

Who observed that removing the pancreas from dogs resulted in development of diabetes symptoms? When?

Minkowski & von Mering in 1889

Who coined the term insulin? When?

Shafer in 1910

Insula

Latin word for island

What 2 biologics were created from porcine intestines?

1. Heparin

2. Cosatein

Who coined the name Heparin? When?

Johns Hopkins in 1918

Hepar

Latin word for liver

Where is heparin found?

Found in many tissues, including liver, lung, and intestines

What is heparin used for?

Used to treat blood cells (thrombosis)

When was Cosatein developed?

2015 - UW Madison

What was derived from the swine mucosa?

Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA)

What is sIgA

the main immunoglobulin found in mucous secretions, including tears, saliva, sweat, colostrum, and GI tract

What does Cosatein do?

Alleviates atopic dermatitis

What biologic was created from bovine lungs?

Bovine Lipid Extract Surfactant (BLES)

How many feathers are produced per year?

8.5 billion tons

What are the classic uses of feathers?

• pillows (stuffing)

• diapers

• insulation

• paper

• feather meal

What biologic was created from feathers?

Keratin

What is keratin used for?

Cosmetics, materials, animal feed, amino acids, and tissue engineering