anatomy exam 1

anatomy

the study of structures and their relationships

gross anatomy

large structures, macroscopic

regional anatomy

specific regions of the body such as the head or chest

systematic anatomy

organ systems

surface anatomy

forms and marking on the body

microscopic anatomy

examine cells and molecules

cytology

study of cells

histology

study of tissues

developmental anatomy

traces structural change that occur throughout the life span

embryology

study of embryos and their development until birth

radiographic anatomy

investigates internal structures visualized by scanning procedures

x-ray

a form of light energy that travels in waves

CT scan

computed tomography, x-ray that sends pics

xenon CT

CT brain scan enhanced with radioactive xenon gas to quickly trace blood flow, cells that are more active absorb more gas, gas is inhaled and the higher the glow the more active the tissues

DSR scan

dynamic spacial recounstruction

uses light energy to produce 3D images that you can rotate at any angle

DSA

digital subtraction angiography

injects dyes to view blood vessels like a brain bleed

PET scan

positron emission tomography

injected radioisotopes collect in more active parts of the body, active tissue will be cancerous

ultrasound

sound waves bounce off tissue and determine density to map a picture

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging, see soft tissues, lines up charged ions and can see a clear image of tissue

MRS

magnetic resonance spectroscopy

gives hints to what ions are present in tissue, finds metaboloic change in brain

M2A

light energy, swallowable pill camera, takes images as it progresses through digestive tract

physiology

the study of body function and includes chemical and physical processes

chemical

lowest level of organization

cellular

groups of chemicals together for a specific purpose

cells

the basic unit of all living things

tissue

a group of similar cells that perform similar task

organ

structures of definitive form and function. composed of 2 or more tissues

skin

largest external organ, a limiting boundary

liver

largest internal organ

organ system

association of 2 or more organs for a common function

organismic

human body, all parts of body functioning together

excitability

the ability to sense change within and around the body

conductivitiy

ability to carry the effects of a stimulus from one body part to another, nervous or endocrine system

metabolism

the sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism

catabolism

breaking down

anabilism

building up

digestion

break down food into absorbable molecules

excretion

removal of wastes

movement

locomotion, internal muscle movement

growth

increase in size by increasing cell number or their size

reproduction

the creation of new individuals from existing ones or cells

nutrients

brought in through diet

oxygen

final electron acceptor in cellular respiration, need in abundance

water

60-80% of body weight, obtained through food and liquid

normal body temp

98\.6, metabolic activity slows if temp is much below, high fever lead to protein denaturation and death

atmospheric pressure

the force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of the air, allows us to force air in and out of lungs

homeostasis

the condition of a stable internal environment, never constant but rather a dynamic equillibrium

requirements for homeostasis

survival needs at optimum, narrow range under which it occurs

stress

any stimulus causing an imbalance in the internal environment, can be internal or external

stress regulating systems

nervous and endocrine

nervous system

sends electrical impulses to brain and it sends other impulses to the body to react to the stress

endocrine system

slower than nervous, uses chemical messengers in the blood

hormones

chemical messengers in the blood

feedback systems

any circular situation where information about the status of something is continually reported to a central control region

negative feedback

a response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus

brings the body closer to homeostasis

positive feedback

A type of regulation that intensifies the response until an endpoint is reached, the result of a reaction is amplified to make it occur more quickly

matter

anything that has mass and takes up space

element

substance that cannot be decomposed into something smaller by ordinary chemical reactions

how many elements occur naurally

92

how many elements are in the body

24, mostly C,O,H, and N

solid

definite shape and volume

liquid

no definite shape but has definite volume

gas

no definite shape or volume, fastest rate of motion

energy

the ability to do work and put matter into motion

potential energy

stored energy

kinetic energy

release of stored energy, motion

chemical energy

energy stored in chemical bonds, energy is released when broken

electrical energy

energy caused by the movement of electrons

mechanical energy

the energy required for motion

electromagnetic energy

a form of energy that travels through space as waves

1st law of thermodynamics

energy cannot be created or destroyed

2nd law of thermodynamics

energy cannot be changed from one form to another without the loss of usable energy

atom

smallest unit of matter

atomic number

number of protons

atomic mass

sum of protons and neutrons

energy level

regions in which electrons move around the nucleus, each has a max number of electrons it can hold

valence electrons

number of electrons in the outermost energy level or shell

octet rule

atoms lose, gain, or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons

chemical reactions

combining or breaking apart of atoms to form new products with different properties, number of atoms stays the same but are rearranged

molecule

combination of two or more atoms

compound

a substance that can be broken down into simple stable substances by a chemical reaction

chemical bonding

the attractive force that holds atoms or ions together

ionic

transfer of electrons, creates electrical energy

ions

positively and negatively charged atoms resulting from an atom gaining or losing an electron

cation

positive ion

anion

negative ion

covalent

sharing of electrons, more stable

polar covalent

unequal sharing of electrons

hydrogen bond

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom, hydrogen is partially positive and attracts partially negative atoms like oxygen

synthesis reaction

two smaller atoms combine to make a bigger one

decomposition reaction

bonds in bigger molecules are broken down, catabolic

exchange reaction

part synthesis and part decomposition, breaking down one to build another

oxidation-reduction reaction

any chemical change when one species is oxidized (loses electron) and another is reduced (gains electron)

oxidized

atom loses electron

reduced

atom gains electron

reversible reaction

a chemical reaction where the product re-forms the original reactants

exergonic reaction

releases energy, product has lower energy than reactants

endergonic reaction

absorbs energy, product has higher energy than reactants

collision theory

all particles are in constant motion and continually collide with one another

activation energy

the collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of the reactants, amount of energy needed to rearrange the electrons of a molecule