APUSH Chapter 16 Test

trusts

companies combined to limit competition

vertical integration

company's avoidance of intermediaries by producing its own supplies and providing for distribution of its product

horizontal expansion

the process by which a corporation acquires or merges with its competitions

robber barons

gilded age industrial figures who inspired both admiration, for their economic leadership and innovation, and hostility and fear, due to their unscrupulous business methods, repressive labor practices, and unprecedented economic control over entire industries

the gilded age

the popular but derogatory name for the period from the end of the civil war to the turn of the century, after the title of the 1873 novel by mark twain and charles dudley warner

social darwinism

application of charles darwin's theory of natural selection to society; used the concept of the "survival of the fittest" to justify class distinctions and to explain poverty

great railroad strike

a series of demonstrations, some violent, held nationwide in support of striking railroad workers in martinsburg, west virginia, who refused to work due to wage cuts

knights of labor

founded in 1869, the first national union; it lasted, under the leadership of terence v. powderly, only into the 1890s; it was supplanted by the american federation of labor

single tax

concept of taxing only landowners as a remedy for poverty, promulgated by henry george in progress and poverty

social gospel

ideals preached by liberal protestant clergymen in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; advocated the application of christian principles to social problems generated by industrialization

haymarket affair

violence during an anarchist protest at haymarket square in chicago on may 4, 1886; the deaths of eight, including seven policemen, led to the trial of eight anarchist leaders for conspiracy to commit murder

bonanza farms

large farms that covered thousands of acres and employed hundreds of wage laborers in the west and the late nineteenth century

battle of little bighorn

most famous battle of the black hills war; took place in 1876 in the montana territory; lakota and cheyenne warriors massacred a vastly outnumbered u.s. cavalry commanded by lieutenant colonel george armstrong custer

dawes act

law passed in 1887 meant to encourage adoption of white norms among indians; broke up tribal holdings into small farms for indian families, with the remainder sold to white purchasers

ghost dance

a spiritual and political movement among native americans whose followers performed a ceremonial "ghost dance" intended to connect the living with the dead and make the indians bulletproof in battles intended to restore their homelands

wounded knee massacre

last incident of the indian wars; it took place in 1890 in the dakota territory where the u.s. cavalry killed over 200 sioux men, women, and children

gold standard

policy at various points in american history by which the value of a dollar was set at a fixed price in terms of gold

civil service act of 1883

law that established the civil service commission and marked the end of the spoils system

interstate commerce commission

organization established by congress, in reaction to the u.s. supreme court's ruling in wabash railroad v. illinois (1886) in order to curb abuses in the railroad industry by regulating rates

sherman antitrust act

passed in 1890, first law to restrict monopolistic trusts and business combinations; extended by the clayton antitrust act of 1914

describe examples of developments that were important in the second industrial revolution

the railroad opened vast new areas to commercial farming and creating a truly national market for manufactured goods

mass production/mass distribution/mass marketing of goods became essential elements of a modern industrial economy (ex: quaker oats) as well as the growth of national chains

how was technology helpful in the expansion of the economy/society during this time?

technological and scientific breakthroughs poured forth from research laboratories

edison helped to establish entirely new industries that transformed private life and society altogether

the spread of electricity was essential to industrial and urban growth, providing reliable source of power

who was john d rockefeller and why was he important during this time?

john d rockefeller drove out rival firms through cutthroat competition, arranging secret deals with railroad companies and fixing prices and production quotas

rockefeller began with horizontal expansion- buying out competing oil refineries and established a vertically integrated monopoly, which dominated the drilling, refining, storage, and distribution of oil

donated much of his wealth to establishing foundation and promoting education, medical research

he and other industrial leaders inspired among ordinary americans a combination of admiration and hostility

true or false: the country's economic growth distributed its benefits very unevenly

true

for a minority of workers, the expanding industrial system created new forms of freedom. for most, however, economic security remained a basic fact of life

what was the hidden meaning of the "gilded" age?

twain and warner, the ones who coined this term, were referring to the corruption caused by corporate dominance of politics and to the oppressive treatment of those left behind in the scramble for wealth

describe the emergence of social darwinism during this period

social darwinism emphasized that evolution was a natural process in human society as in nature, and government must not interfere

era's most influential social darwinist - professor william graham sumner, who believed that freedom required frank acceptance of inequality

what was the significance of the knights of labor?

the knights were the first group to try to organize unskilled workers as well as skilled ones, women alongside men, and blacks as well as whites

workers engaged in strikes, boycotts, political action, and educational and social activities

what was the significance of the social gospel?

the social gospel insisted that freedom and spiritual self-development required an equalization of wealth and power and that unbridled competition mocked the christian ideal of brotherhood

social gospel movement originated as an effort to reform protestant churches by expanding their appeal in poor urban neighborhoods and making them more attentive to the era's social ills

established missions and relief programs in urban areas that attempted to alleviate property, combat child labor, and encourage the construction of better working class housing

how was the west incorporated into the united states?

required the active intervention of the federal government, which acquired indian lands by war and treaty, administered land sales, regulated territorial politics, and distributed land and money to farmers, railroads, and mining companies

describe the demographic of the trans-mississippi west

farming families dominated the trans-mississippi west

farming on the great plains was not an easy task, which ultimately fell on women. farm families invested in the kinds of labor-saving machinery that would bring in cash, not machines that would ease women's burdens in the household

farm families became more and more dependent on loans to purchase land and industrial goods. agriculture reflected how the international economy was becoming more integrated

describe developments during this time that altered the lives of native americans

native americans who resided in the west had undergone profound transformations

peace policy in the west - designed by ely parker, a seneca man who had served on grant's staff during the war and who had written out robert e. lee's term of surrender in 1865. the peace policy curtailed military violence in the west

it soon became clear that native americans must accept removal to reservations and eventual assimilation into american life

the bureau of indian affairs established boarding schools where native american children were removed from the "negative" influences of their parents and tribes, and were dressed in non-indian clothes, given new names, and educated in white ways

curriculum downplayed native role in american history, prohibited the use of native languages, and emphasized patriotic identification with the national gov

how were native americans recognized as american citizens?

many laws and treaties in the nineteenth century offered native americans the right to become american citizens if they left the tribal setting and assimilated into american society

tribal identity was important to many of them. thus, few native americans were recognized as american citizens

western courts ruled that the rights guaranteed in the civil rights act o 1866 and the 14th and 15th amendments did not apply to them

after elk v. wilkins, the court agreed

elks v. wilkins

john elk was born in indian territory but gave up his tribal affiliation and moved to omaha, where he worked and paid taxes

he tried unsuccessfully to claim american citizenship and register to vote. the supreme court rejected his appeal. this questioned whether or not native americans had achieved the degree of "civilization" required of citizens

describe the corruption of politics during this period

americans during the gilded age saw their nation as an island of political democracy in a world still dominated by undemocratic governments

despite this, the power of new corporations, seemingly immune to democratic control, raised disturbing questions for the american understanding of political freedom as popular self government

urban politics fell under the sway of corrupt political machines like new york's tweed ring, which plundered the city of millions of dollars

arrangements between businessmen and politicians

true or false: the nation's political structure proved equipped to deal with the problems created by the economy's rapid growth

false

despite its expanded scope and powers arising from the civil war, the federal government remained remarkably small by modern standards

republicans and democrats differed in economic beliefs. republicans strongly supported a high tariff to protect american industry, and pursued a fiscal policy based on reducing federal spending, repaying much of the national debt

democrats opposed the high tariff, but the party's national leadership remained closely linked to new york bankers and financiers and resisted demands from debt-ridden agricultural areas for an increase in the money supply

overall, republican economic policies strongly favored the interests of eastern industrialists and bankers, which worked to the disadvantage of southern and westenr farmers

what were some accomplishments of the gilded age?

civil service act of 1883 - created a merit system for federal employees, with appt via competitive examinations rather than political influence, marking the first step in establishing a professional civil service and removing officeholding from the hands of political machines

interstate commerce commission - ensured that the rates railroads charged farmers and merchants to transport their goods were "reasonable" and did not offer more favorable treatment to some shippers

sherman antitrust act - banned all combinations and practices that restrained free trade

name the three places where the heart of the second industrial revolution took place

great lakes - factories produced iron and steel, machinery, chemicals, and packaged foods

pittsburgh - became the world's center of iron and steel manufacturing

chicago - by 1900 became the nation's second-largest city with 1.7 million inhabitants, home to factories producing farm machinery and giant stockyards where cattle were processed into meat products for shipment east

who was andrew carnegie?

during the depression that began in 1873, andrew carnegie set out to establish a steel company that incorporated vertical integration

by the 1890s, he dominated the steel industry. his complex of steel factories at homestead were the most technologically advanced in the world

although he distributed much of his wealth to various philanthropies, he ran his companies with a dictatorial hand

what were some of the published works by middle-class reformers that gained popularity during this time period?

the most popular were progress and poverty by henry george, the cooperative commonwealth by laurence gronlund, and looking backward by edward bellamy

progress and poverty named that the problem was the growth of "squalor and misery" alongside material progress. his solution was the single tax

cooperative commonwealth was the first book to popularize socialist ideals for an american audience, portraying socialism as the end result of a process of peaceful evolution

in bellamy's looking backward, freedom rested on interdependence, not autonomy, inspiring the creation of hundreds of nationalist clubs devoted to bringing into existence the world of 2000 and left a profound mark on reformers and intellectuals

bellamy held out the hope of retaining the material abundance made possible by industrial capitalism while eliminating inequality

describe chinese immigration during this period

chinese immigration began during the california gold rush, but continued in the postwar years

1880 - 105,000 persons of chinese descent lived in the united states, with 3/4 living in CA, where chinese made up over half of the state's farm workers

many men had wives and children in china

describe the conflict on the mormon frontier

the mormons had moved to the great salt lake valley in the 1840s, hoping to practice their religion free of persecution

given the widespread unpopularity of mormon polygamy and close connection of church and state, conflict with the growing number of non-mormon settlers moving west became inevitable

mountain meadows massacre

after the civil war, mormon leaders sought to avoid further conflict with the federal gov, resulting in the 1880s banning of polygamy