BCIS 1305 Lecture Test 1 (Appendix A, Ch. 1, Ch. 2)

UT Tyler BCIS 1305 Lecture test 1 study set

hardware

the physical devices associated with a computer system

software

the set of instructions the hardware executes to carry out specific tasks

computer

an electronic device operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept, manipulate, and store data

central processing unit (CPU)

The actual hardware that interprets and executes the program (software) instructions and coordinates how all the other hardware devices work together

primary storage

The computer's main memory, which consists of the random access memory (RAM), cache memory, and the read-only memory (ROM) that is directly accessible to the CPU

secondary storage

consists of equipment designed to store large volumes of data for long-term storage (ex: hard drive, memory card, CD)

input devices

Equipment used to capture information and commands (ex: mouse, keyboard, scanner)

output devices

equipment used to see, hear, or otherwise accept the results of information processing requests (ex: monitor, printer)

communication devices

equipment used to send information and receive it from one location to another (ex: modem)

arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)

performs all arithmetic operations (for example, addition and subtraction) and all logic operations (such as sorting and comparing numbers)

megahertz (MHz)

The number of millions of CPU cycles per second

gigahertz (GHz)

The number of billions of CPU cycles per second

clock speed

the speed of the internal clock of a CPU that sets the pace at which operations proceed within the computer's internal processing circuitry

word length

number of bits (0s and 1s) that can be processed by the CPU at any one time. Computers work in terms of bits and bytes using electrical pulses that have two states: on and off

bus width

the size of the internal electrical pathway along which signals are sent from one part of the computer to another. A wider bus can move more data, hence faster processing.

chip line width

the distance between transistors on a chip. The shorter the chip line width the faster the chip since more transistors can be placed on a chip and the data and instructions travel short distances during processing

complex instruction set computer (CISC) chips

a type of CPU that can recognize as many as 100 or more instructions, enough to carry out most computations directly

reduced instruction set computer (RISC) chips

limit the number of instructions the CPU can execute to increase processing speed

random access memory (RAM)

the computer's primary working memory, in which program instructions and data are stored so that they can be accessed directly by the CPU via the processor's high-speed external data bus

volatility

refers to RAM's complete loss of stored information if power is interrupted. RAM is volatile and its contents are lost when the computer's electric supply fails

cache memory

a small unit of ultra-fast memory that is used to store recently accessed or frequently accessed data so that the CPU does not have to retrieve this data from slower memory circuits such as RAM

read-only memory (ROM)

the portion of a computer's primary storage that does not lose its contents when one switches off the power

flash memory

a special type of rewritable read-only memory (ROM) that is compact and portable

memory cards

contain high-capacity storage that holds data such as captured images, music, or text files

memory sticks

provide nonvolatile memory for a range of portable devices including computers, digital cameras, MP3 players, and PDAs

how is storage capacity measured?

bytes, megabytes being the most common unit

megabyte (MB or M or Meg)

Roughly 1 million bytes

gigabyte (GB or Gig)

about 1 billion bytes

terabyte (TB)

roughly 1 trillion bytes

magnetic medium

a secondary storage medium that uses magnetic techniques to store and retrieve data on disks or tapes coated with magnetically sensitive materials.

magnetic tape

An older secondary storage medium that uses a strip of thin plastic coated with a magnetically sensitive recording medium

hard drive

a secondary storage medium that uses several rigid disks coated with a magnetically sensitive material and housed together with the recording heads in a hermetically sealed mechanism

joystick

widely used as an alternative to the keyboard for computer games and some professional applications, such as computer-aided design

pointing stick

causes the pointer to move on the screen by applying directional pressure

bar code scanner

Captures information that exists in the form of vertical bars whose width and distance apart determine a number

magnetic ink character reader

reads magnetic ink numbers printed on checks that identify the bank, checking account, and check number

optical-character recognition

converts text into digital format for computer input

optical-mark recognition (OMR)

detects the presence or absence of a mark in a predetermined place (popular for multiple choice exams)

point-of-scale (POS)

captures information at the point of a transaction, typically in retail

Manual input devices:

joystick, keyboard, microphone, mouse, pointing stick, touch screen, touch pad

automated input devices:

bar code scanner, digital camera, magnetic ink character reader, optical character reader, optical mark recognition, point-of-scale, radio frequency identification

communication device

equipment used to send information and receive it from one location to another

personal digital assistant (PDA)

A small, handheld computer used for personal information management. The predecessor to the smartphone.

workstation

similar to a desktop but has more powerful mathematical and graphics processing capabilities and can perform more complicated tasks in less time

minicomputer (mid-range computer)

Designed to meet the computing needs of several people simultaneously in a small to medium-size business environment

mainframe computer

designed to meet the computing needs of hundreds of people in a large business environment

super computer

The fastest, most powerful computer and the most expensive.

system software

controls how the various technology tools work together along with the application software (both operating and utility)

operating system software

controls the application software and manages how the hardware devices work together

utility software

provides additional functionality to the operating system

application software

used for specific information processing needs, including payroll, customer relationship management, project management, training, and many others

single user license

restricts the use of the software to one user at a time

network user license

enables anyone on the network to install and use the software

site license

Enables any qualified users within the organization to install the software, regardless of whether the computer is on a network. Some employees might install the software on a home computer for working remotely.

application service provider license

specialty software paid for on a license basis or per-use basis or usage-based licensing

data

raw facts that describe the characteristics of an event or object

structured data

has a defined length, type, and format and includes numbers, dates, or strings such as Customer Address. accounts for 20% of the data that surrounds us

machine-generated data

created by a machine without human intervention

human-generated data

data that humans, in interaction with computers, generate

unstructured data

is not defined and does not follow a specified format and is typically free-form text such as emails, Twitter tweets, and text messages

big data

a collection of large, complex data sets, including structured and unstructured data, which cannot be analyzed using traditional database methods and tools

snapshot

a view of data at a particular moment in time

information

data converted into a meaningful and useful context

report

a document containing data organized in a table, matrix, or graphical format allowing users to easily comprehend and understand information

static report

is created once based on data that does not change

dynamic report

changes automatically during creation

variable

a data characteristic that stands for a value that changes or varies over time

business intelligence (BI)

information collected from multiple sources such as suppliers, customers, competitors, partners, and industries that analyzes patterns, trends, and relationships for strategic decision making

analytics

the science of fact-based decision making

predictive analytics

extracts information from data and uses it to predict future trends and identify behavioral patterns

behavioral analytics

uses data about people's behaviors to understand intent and predict future actions

knowledge

includes the skills, experience, and expertise, coupled with information and intelligence, that creates a person's intellectual resources

knowledge workers

individuals valued for their ability to interpret and analyze information

system

a collection of parts that link to achieve a common purpose

production

the process where a business takes raw materials and processes them or converts them into a finished product for its goods or services

productivity

the rate at which goods are produced or services performed

systems thinking

a way of monitoring the entire system by viewing multiple inputs being processed or transformed to produce outputs while continuously gathering feedback on each part

feedback

information that returns to its original transmitter (input, transform, or output) and modifies the transmitter's actions

management information systems (MIS)

a business function, like accounting and human resources, which moves information about people, products, and processes across the company to facilitate decision making and problem solving

chief information officer (CIO)

responsible for (1) overseeing all uses of information technology and (2) ensuring the strategic alignment of MIS with business goals and objectives

chief data officer (CDO)

responsible for determining the types of information the enterprise will capture, retain, analyze, and share

chief technology officer (CTO)

responsible for ensuring the speed, accuracy, availability, and reliability of the MIS

chief security officer (CSO)

responsible for ensuring the security of MIS systems and developing strategies and MIS safeguards against attacks from hackers and viruses

chief privacy officer (CPO)

Responsible for ensuring the ethical and legal use of information

chief knowledge officer (CKO)

Responsible for collecting, maintaining, and distributing the organization's knowledge

chief intellectual property officer

manage and defend intellectual property, copyrights, and patents

chief automation officer

determines if a person or business process can be replaced by a robot or software

chief user experience officer

will create the optimal relationship between user and technology

MIS skills gap

the difference between existing MIS workplace knowledge and the knowledge required to fulfill the business goals and strategies

fact

the confirmation or validation of an event or object

information age

when infinite quantities of facts are widely available to anyone who can use a computer

internet of things (IoT)

a world where interconnected Internet-enabled devices or "things" have the ability to collect and share data without human intervention

machine-to-machine (M2M)

refers to devices that connect directly to other devices

accounting

Records, measures, and reports monetary transactions

finance

deals with strategic financial issues including money, banking, credit, investments, and assets

human resources

maintains policies, plans, and procedures for the effective management of employees

marketing

supports sales by planning, pricing, and promoting goods or services

operations management

manages the process of converting or transforming resources into goods or services

sales

performs the function of selling goods or services

business strategy

A leadership plan that achieves a specific set of goals or objectives