Neuro Dr. Shieh

8 organizational principles of the brain

what is cognitive neuroscience

the study of how the human brain functions and supports mental activities

objectives of cognitive neuroscience

to examine association and network of neural substrates of cognitive processing

approaches ot human brain mapping

behavioral measurements/observations and neuroimaging methods of normal and disordered/aging individuals

neurology

diasgnosis and treatment of nervous system disorders

neuroanatomy

structural framework of the nervous system, consisting nerve cells (neurons) and their tracts (fibers)

neurophysiology

chemical, electrical and metabolic functions of the nervous system

neuropathology

characteristics and origins of diseases and their effects on the nervous system

neuropsychology

study of breakdown in cognitive abilities subsequent to brain damage

neurolinguistics

study of language processing and its correlations with human brain functions

neuroscience

a study of anatomical brain structures, cellular functions, physiological neural mechanisms, and their correlates of sensory motor functions, speech, language, gestures and other higher cognitive functions 

where you live learn work and play have a bigger impact on our health than going to the doctor. opportunities for health. home community school work places. policis in those places can make it easier or harder to live healthy lives

Brocas Aphasia

Speech and word finding/production problems.

Lesion site for Brocas Aphasia

frontal lobe, left inferior frontal gyrus, posterior region of the frontal lobe.

Is there a functional lateralization of speech and language center in human brain?

Frontal lobe

Executive functioning (problem solving, language dominance)

Wernickes Aphasia

Fluent aphasia, individual has lots of words but cannot but them together. Trouble in receptive language.

Lesion site for Wernickes Aphasia

posterior region of superior temporal gyrus

Differences in brocas and wernickes

Fluent aphasia=wernickes Affluent aphasia=Brocas

common goal between neuroscientists and SLPs

Promote physical and psychological well beings, as well as successful human communications. To understand the neural substrates forcognition, consciousness, learning, knowledge, personality, emotions, thoughts, creativity ability, imagination, symbolic communication, attention, and sensorimotor functions

Brain

~3 lbs. 2% of total body weight; uses 20% of the body’s oxygen at rest.

cerebrum

cortex, basal ganglia and diencephalons

brainstem

midbrain, pons, medulla

cortex

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital and insular lobes

subcortical structures

basal ganglia & diencephalons (thalamus and hypothalamus)

sagittal

a vertical section dividing brain into left and right

midsagital

a vertical section dividing brain into equal halves

coronal

a vertical section dividing brain into front and back

horizontal (transverse)

a cross section dividing brain into upper and lower portions; transverse section is diagonal to cross plane at curving brainstem

lateral

refers to structures away from midline

medial

refers to structures toward midline

tremor

resting vs action

akinesia

loss or impairment of the power of voluntary movement

bradykinesia

slowness of movement (Parkinsons, weakness, tremor and rigidity)

Dystonia

Muscle(s) twist involuntarily, resulting in repetitive movements or abnormal postures

Dyskinesia

Involuntary muscle movements similar to tics or chorea & diminished voluntary movements

Myoclonus

quick/involuntary muscle jerk like hiccups

monoplegia

paralysis restricted to one limb

paraplegia

paralysis of the legs and lower body

hemiplegia

paralysis of one side of the body

triplegia

paralysis of three limbs

quadriplegia

paralysis of all four limbs

dorsal

referring to the top (superior)

Ventral

referring to the bottom (superior)

Rostral

referring to the front

Caudal

Referring to the back

Dorsal (body)

back

Ventral (body)

Front

cingulate sulcus

neurons

basic units in the brain responsible for generating, receiving, transmitting, and synthesiing electrical impulses as well as influencing other neutrons

glial cells

support and protect nerve cells

gray matter

gross appearance of the brain including nerve cells, supporting glia cells and many unmyelinated fibers.

cortex appears gray in

the absence of myelin

white matter

nerve fibers form tracts and carry information from one brain site to another. white bc of the fatlike myelin lipid surrounding the axons

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM A

Brain: cerebrum (cotex, basal ganglia & diacephalons [thalamus and hypothalamus] brainstem [midbrain, pons and medulla) and cerebellum.

CNS B

Spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

connection between the body parts and the central nervous system

PNS contents (2)

Somatic and autonomic nervous system

Somatic Nervous system

voluntary control of muscles and skins

-Cranial Nerves

-Spinal nerves

Autonomic Nervous system

involuntary control of visceral organs and glands

-sympathetic system

-parasympathetic system

6 cellular layers of the brain

I Molecular layer

II External granular layer

III External pyramidal layer

IV Internal granular layer

V Internal pyramidal layer

VI multiformal layer

peri sylvian region in the language dominant hemisphere is responsible for speech language hearing processing for most people. the sylvian fissure is also known as

lateral sulcus

cerebral cortex supports sensory motor, sensory integration and

higher cognitive functions

Interconnectivity in the brain

all primary sensory and motor regions in the cerebrum are connected through association, commissural and projection fibers

cortical association fibers

connect cerebral areas and are directly connected to one another

homologous areas of the two hemispheres are connected through

the interhemispheric commissural fibers (corpus collosum)

Projection fibers

consist of both afferent and efferent nerve fibers that couple the brain with the spinal cord

afferent

sensory fiber

efferent

motor fiber

CNS is responsible for (3)

integrating all incoming and outgoing information

analyzing and synthesizing a variety of information

generating appropriate responses to the information received

Because of centrality of decision making

no two parts in the peripheral body can directly communicate with one another

neuraxis (brain and spinal axis) of CNS

is hierarchically developed in complexity and organization of functions

Cerebral cortex is the highest

segment level

cerebral cortex serves

complex sensorimotor integrationa nd higher mental functions like cognition, language and speech. “thinking part of the brain”

Brain stem and diancephalon segment level

intermediate segment level

Brain stem and diencephalon regulates

vital functions like blood pressure, sleep, temperature. “non thinking part of the brain.”

Major structures in the CNS (8)

Gyrus

Sulcus

Cerebrum

Basal Ganglia

Diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)

Cerebellum

Brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla)

Spinal Cord

Left planum temporal region

The PT in the temporal lobe that corresponds to the core of wernickes area, and that is critically involved in speech processing

Left hemisphere dominance for

Language

Right hemisphere dominance for

emotions, visual spatial skills, musical skills, paralinguistic functions, attention

Left Brain lateralization

analytical, detail oriented, rational, verbal, cautious, logic, math and science, right field vision right side motor skills

Right brain lateralization

Intuitive thought, random sequencing, emotional thought and nonverbal skills, impulse, creativity, left field of vision and left side motor skills.

Contralateral sensorimotor control

This means the left hemisphere controls right hand, right hemisphere controls left hand.

decussation

crossing over the fibers at medulla

corticobulbar fibers

project from motor cortex to motor nuclei of cranial nerves at brainstem

most motor nuclei of cranial nerves receive motor commands from

contralateral motor cortex

motor nucleus for upper face and tongue known to receive

bilateral projections

descending route (going downwards)

the brain sends commanding signals to the spinal motor nuclei in the spinal cord in order to move or control our body

topographical organization in cortical pathways

spatial organization of neurons, tracts, and terminals serving the same function

each peripheral area on the body is

projected to specific areas in the brain via the information

neuronal systems are

functionally specialized

gray matter

nerve cells supporting glia cells

functional networking

sensory and motor systems possess specialized nerve cells, which are functionally specific and separable.

sensory fibers carry

sensations of pain, fine touch, temperature. these fibers run parallel to one another, which is different from discriminative touch.

motor system

also consists of several distinct pathways to various limbs, like skilled hand movements and speech muscles

functional plasticity

the ability to reorganize and modify functions and adapt to internal and external changes

adaptive property of brain

explains functional reorganization after strokes

functional pasticity and adaptivity are greater in

early years (esp during critical period) and gradually diminish with age.

non-mythical brain (culturally neutral brain) we share:

complex architectural organization

multiple interconnected pathways

functionally independent specialized areas

operations of the brain are not

governed by any personal characteristics of gender, color or cultural variations