Industrial America and the Gilded Age

A set of flashcards covering key concepts from the lecture on Industrial America and the Gilded Age, including significant events, important figures, and legislative acts.

What was the timeframe of the Industrial Revolution in the United States?

The Industrial Revolution occurred from 1865 to 1900.

What major changes did industrialization bring to the American economy?

It led to more factories, increased railroad density, and more inventions for efficient production.

What does urbanization refer to?

Urbanization is the process of cities growing larger and more populated as people move from rural areas to cities.

What was the Pacific Railway Act of 1862?

It authorized the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad and provided government subsidies to investors.

What significant event took place on May 10, 1869?

The ceremonial 'Golden Spike' was driven in Promontory, Utah, joining the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads.

What nickname is given to the wealthy businessmen during the Gilded Age, and why?

Robber Barons, due to their unethical business practices that exploited workers.

Who was Andrew Carnegie and what industry did he dominate?

Andrew Carnegie dominated the steel industry and created Carnegie Steel.

What did J.P. Morgan specialize in?

J.P. Morgan was a major player in the banking industry.

What monopoly did John D. Rockefeller control?

John D. Rockefeller controlled the oil industry through Standard Oil.

What is a monopoly?

A monopoly is when a single company or person has exclusive control over an industry.

What is Social Darwinism?

Social Darwinism is the belief that the 'survival of the fittest' applies to society, implying that the powerful are inherently superior.

What was the purpose of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887?

It aimed to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream society by subdividing tribal lands into individual plots.

What were Jim Crow Laws?

Jim Crow Laws enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.

What did the 19th Amendment accomplish?

The 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote.

What was the Great Migration?

The Great Migration was the movement of millions of African Americans from the rural South to urban centers in the North and West.

What did the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 establish?

It established federal regulations for consumer health and safety following the revelations of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle.

Who were the Muckrakers?

Muckrakers were journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices, such as Upton Sinclair.

What was the main goal of labor unions during the Progressive Era?

To improve working conditions, pay, and benefits for workers.

What was the purpose of the Sherman Antitrust Act?

To make it illegal to form a trust or monopoly that restricts trade.

What was the significance of the Clayton Antitrust Act?

It exempted labor unions from antitrust laws, enabling workers to achieve better working conditions.

What was the timeframe of the Industrial Revolution in the United States?

The Industrial Revolution occurred from 1865 to 1900.

What major changes did industrialization bring to the American economy?

It led to more factories, increased railroad density, and more inventions for efficient production.

What does urbanization refer to?

Urbanization is the process of cities growing larger and more populated as people move from rural areas to cities.

What was the Pacific Railway Act of 1862?

It authorized the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad and provided government subsidies to investors.

What significant event took place on May 10, 1869?

The ceremonial 'Golden Spike' was driven in Promontory, Utah, joining the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads.

What nickname is given to the wealthy businessmen during the Gilded Age, and why?

Robber Barons, due to their unethical business practices that exploited workers.

Who was Andrew Carnegie and what industry did he dominate?

Andrew Carnegie dominated the steel industry and created Carnegie Steel.

What did J.P. Morgan specialize in?

J.P. Morgan was a major player in the banking industry.

What monopoly did John D. Rockefeller control?

John D. Rockefeller controlled the oil industry through Standard Oil.

What is a monopoly?

A monopoly is when a single company or person has exclusive control over an industry.

What is Social Darwinism?

Social Darwinism is the belief that the 'survival of the fittest' applies to society, implying that the powerful are inherently superior.

What was the purpose of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887?

It aimed to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream society by subdividing tribal lands into individual plots.

What were Jim Crow Laws?

Jim Crow Laws enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.

What did the 19^{th} Amendment accomplish?

The 19^{th} Amendment granted women the right to vote.

What was the Great Migration?

The Great Migration was the movement of millions of African Americans from the rural South to urban centers in the North and West.

What did the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 establish?

It established federal regulations for consumer health and safety following the revelations of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle.

Who were the Muckrakers?

Muckrakers were journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices, such as Upton Sinclair.

What was the main goal of labor unions during the Progressive Era?

To improve working conditions, pay, and benefits for workers.

What was the purpose of the Sherman Antitrust Act?

To make it illegal to form a trust or monopoly that restricts trade.

What was the significance of the Clayton Antitrust Act?

It exempted labor unions from antitrust laws, enabling workers to achieve better working conditions.

What is Vertical Integration?

A business strategy, pioneered by Andrew Carnegie, where a company owns all phases of the industrial process, from raw materials to transportation and manufacturing.

What is Horizontal Integration?

A business strategy, favored by John D. Rockefeller, where a company buys out or merges with all its competitors in the same industry to eliminate competition.

What did the Supreme Court rule in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)?

The court ruled that 'separate but equal' facilities for different races were constitutional, legalizing Jim Crow segregation.

What was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?

It was the first significant federal law to restrict immigration to the United States based on a specific nationality or race.

Who was Boss Tweed and what was Tammany Hall?

Boss Tweed was the corrupt leader of Tammany Hall, a powerful New York City political machine that used graft and bribery to control local government.

What was the impact of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911)?

The deaths of 146 workers led to nationwide calls for improved factory safety standards and more rigorous labor laws.

What were the 'Three Cs' of Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal?

1. Conservation of natural resources
2. Control of corporations
3. Consumer protection

What did the 16^{th} Amendment establish?

It granted Congress the power to levy and collect a federal income tax.

What did the 17^{th} Amendment establish?

It mandated the direct election of United States Senators by the people, rather than by state legislatures.

What did the 18^{th} Amendment establish?

It prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors, beginning the era of Prohibition.