SOC 202 Test

Descriptive Analysis

Statiscally describing and presenting data in a meaningful way to summarize its characteristics.

Inferential statistics

Used to test hypothesis and make inferences about a population based on sample data.

Data coding

The process of converting data into a numeric format

Univariate Analysis

Analysis of a single variable

• Includes the Mean and Standard Deviation

Central Tendency

refers to statistical measures that represent the center or average of a dataset, including the mean, median, and mode.

Dispersion

Dispersion refers to the extent to which data values vary or spread out from the central tendency and is measured using statistics such as range, variance, and standard deviation.

Bivariate Analysis

Examines how two variables are related to each other

Bivariate Correlation

A number between -1 and +1 that denotes the strength of the relationship between two variables.

What kind of test do you use for non-directional hypotheses

Two tailed test

What kind of test do you use for directional hypotheses

One tailed test

Alternative hypothesis

cannot be tested directly

• is tested by rejecting the null hypothesis

• Argues that there is a relationship between two variables

What is the maxium level of risk that is willing to be took that your inference is incorrect

If P is less than (>) 0.05

• A P-Value less than 0.05 indicates that you have evidence to reject the null hypothesis

Crosstab

A table that derives the relationship between two categorical variables. It displays the frequency distribution of variables and helps in identifying patterns or correlations.

Null hypothesis

Argues that there is no relationship between two variables

• Want to reject this, as you are always trying to find evidence that there is a relationship

P-Value

Probability of your null hypothesis being correct

• low P-value is 0.05

Logistic Regression

a General Linear Model which the outcome variable is either 0 or 1 (Binary) It is used to model the probability of a certain class or event, such as success/failure, based on one or more predictor variables.

• Also uses odds ratio to represent the odds of an event occuring in one group versus the other

Grounded Theory

Interpreting Recorded data about a social pheneomen to build theories about that phenomenon based on qualitative research methods. This approach seeks to generate theory that is grounded in real-world observations.

Open Coding

the first stage of grounded theory.is A process aimed at identifying concepts or key ideas that are hidden within contextual data through the systematic examination and categorization of qualitative data.

Axial Coding

The second stage of grounded theory. Categories and subcategories are assembled into causal relationships or hypotheses that explain something of interest in the qualitative data analysis process, helping to refine and relate categories.

Selective Coding

The final stage in grounded theory analysis is where core categories are identified, and a comprehensive theory is developed by linking and integrating all the categories discovered in previous stages.

Sentiment Analysis

A technique used to capture peoples opinions or attitudes toward an object person or phenomenon through the analysis of text or speech, often utilizing natural language processing techniques.

• Ex: The tone of onlined deliberation

Hermeneutic Analysis

the reseacher tries to interpret the subjective meaning of a given text within its sociohistoric context.

• assumes written texts narrate an author’s experience within a sociohistoric event. This method is often used in qualitative research to understand deeper layers of meaning and significance in language.

  • Ex: Historical criticsims of sacred texts This approach emphasizes understanding the context and intentions behind the text, allowing for insights beyond the literal meaning.

Dummy Variable

A numeric variable used in statistical analysis to represent categorical data, often taking the value of 0 or 1 to indicate the absence or presence of a characteristic.

• The mean of a dummy variable tells you the proportion of respondents coded one.