Pt. 2 Nucleic Acids, Biochemical energy production, and enzymes

HIV is classified as a:

Retrovirus

Which drug inhibits reverse transcription in HIV?

AZT (It is a common Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor)

In the DNA double helix, G pairs with C through:

3 hydrogen bonds

Which RNA makes up ribosomes?

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

A change in base sequence leading to defective proteins is a

Mutation

Metabolism refers to

Sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

Catabolism usually:

Releases energy

Anabolism usually:

Requires energy input

The cytoplasm is the site of:

Glycolysis

Mitochondria are known as the:

Powerhouse of the cell

ATP stands for

Adenosine Triphosphate

Hydrolysis of ATP produces:

ADP + P  (Adenosine Diphosphate + inorganic phosphate)

FAD is converted to FADH when it

Gains H atoms

NAD is the:

Oxidized form

Coenzyme A’s active group is:

–SH (the sulfhydryl group)

Which is the first stage of biochemical energy production?

Digestion

Glycolysis occurs in the

Cytoplasm

Glycolysis converts glucose into:

Pyruvate

Products of glycolysis include:

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP (net)

The citric acid cycle is also known as:

Krebs cycle

Each turn of the citric acid cycle produces:

2 CO₂ molecules, 3 NADH , 1 FADH₂, and 1 ATP

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Which complex oxidizes NADH?

Complex I

Which complex oxidizes succinate FADH?

Complex II

The final electron acceptor in the ETC is:

O2

Oxidative phosphorylation produces about:

32 ATP (Total yield of cellular respiration is approximately 36-38 ATP

What percent of total ATP comes from oxidative phosphorylation?

90%

Which step in oxidative phosphorylation pumps protons across the membrane?

Proton pumping (Done by Complexes I, III, and IV)

Splitting of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation forms:

Water

ATP synthase allows protons to flow back into the:

Matrix