PURC111: Communication, Culture, and Globalization

Comprehensive Question and Answer flashcards covering PURC111 lecture notes on Communication Nature, Elements, Models, Non-Verbal Language, Principles, Cultural Awareness, Sensitivity, and Globalization.

What are the Latin origins of the word "communication" and what do they mean?

It is derived from the Latin words "common" (meaning "belonging to many") and "communico" (meaning "to confer with others").

What is intrapersonal communication?

Self-talk and understanding one's own emotions, which involves self-discipline, self-awareness, and self-motivation.

What is interpersonal communication?

Talking to others and understanding their emotions through verbal and non-verbal means.

What is the role of the sender (encoder) in communication?

The sender decides on the message to be sent, conceptualizes it, and determines the most effective way to send it.

What is the difference between a medium and a channel in the elements of communication?

A medium is the immediate form a message takes (e.g., a letter, email, or speech), whereas a channel is responsible for delivering that chosen message form (e.g., post office, internet, television, or radio).

What is the role of the receiver (decoder) in communication?

The receiver is responsible for extracting/decoding meaning from the message, interpreting it, and providing feedback to the sender.

What function does feedback serve in the communication process?

Feedback determines whether or not the decoder grasped the intended meaning and whether the communication was successful.

What constitutes the context of a communication act?

Context is the environment surrounding a communication act, including place, time, event, and the attitudes of the sender and receiver.

What is noise in communication, and how are its two main types defined?

Noise (interference) is any factor inhibiting message transmission. Its two main types are physical/external noise (senses-based, controllable) and psychological/internal noise (mind and feelings).

Which communication model is depicted in this linear diagram of Speaker, Speech, Audience, and Effect?

Aristotle's Model of Communication.

What communication model is represented by this simple process of Speaker -> Message -> Receiver?

Linear Model of Communication.

Which communication model incorporates feedback loops between the Speaker, Message, and Receiver?

The Interactive (stimulus-response) Model of Communication.

Which model outlines communication steps from Event/Source to Verbal Formulation as shown?

Wendel Johnson Model of Communication.

Which communication model details components under Source, Message, Channel, and Receiver as shown?

Berlo's SMCR Model of Communication.

What is kinesics (body kinetics) in non-verbal communication?

Derived from the Greek "kinesis" (motion), it is the study of body movements such as gestures, facial expressions, posture, and eye behavior that express meaning.

What are emblems in non-verbal communication?

Body movements that have direct translations into words, such as a thumbs up.

What are illustrators in non-verbal communication?

Non-verbal behaviors used to accent, emphasize, or reinforce words, such as pointing fingers when giving directions.

What are regulators in non-verbal communication?

Signs showing control over the back-and-forth nature of speaking and listening, such as head nods and shifts in posture.

What are adaptors in non-verbal communication?

Non-verbal behaviors used to adapt to a communication situation (e.g., picking up scattered items in someone's home).

What is paralanguage (paralinguistics)?

The study of extra sounds accompanying spoken words, including vocal traits (pitch, volume, rate, quality), vocalizations (crying, giggling), and vocal pauses/boosters (ahh, umm).

What is chronemics?

The study of the impact or effect of time on behavior, reflecting traits like patience or how much one values a relationship.

What is proxemics?

The study of how a person uses space around them and the distance at which they stand, categorized into intimate, personal, social, and public distance.

What is haptics in non-verbal communication?

The study of the effects of touch on people, categorized into intimate, social, love, professional, and sexual desire.

How are body types categorized under physical appearance and object language?

Ectomorphs (thin people), Endomorphs (fat people), and Mesomorphs (athletic people).

What does it mean that communication is schemata-driven?

Communication begins within oneself using existing knowledge stocked in the brain to make transmitted messages understandable.

Why is communication described as an interpretative act?

Only the sender or speaker knows the exact meaning of the message; the receiver's role is to interpret, infer, or guess the meaning.

What does the irreversibility principle of communication state?

Once something is spoken by a speaker, it can no longer be unsaid and remains susceptible to different interpretations.

What is the Latin origin and literal meaning of the word "culture"?

It comes from the Latin word "Colere," meaning to tend to earth and grow, representing cultivation and nurture.

How did Edward Tyler (1870) define culture?

Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and many other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.

How did Hofstede (1994) define culture?

Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another.

What is cultural globalization?

The shared norms and knowledge of people across different cultures—culture that is common across the globe.

How do Franklin and Mizzell (1995) define cultural sensitivity?

An attitude and a way of behaving in which you are aware of and acknowledge cultural differences, crucial for world peace, economic growth, and effective interpersonal communication.

What are the four aspects of gender outlined in sensitivity to gender?

Assignment (at birth), Role (societal behaviors/traits), Identity (personal belief of gender at a given time), and Attributions (gender assigned by others upon meeting based on cues).

What is the key distinction between cultural appropriation and cultural appreciation?

Cultural appropriation is the insensitive taking of cultural elements by a dominant group without permission; cultural appreciation uses cultural elements while honoring, respecting, and valuing their sources.

What is cultural ignorance?

Failing to realize that persons from different cultures do not look, think, or act the same, resulting in judging them as insensitive, ignorant, or culturally confused.

What is accommodation in the context of co-cultures?

The means by which co-culture members maintain their cultural identity while striving to establish relationships with members of the dominant culture.

What is assimilation in cultural interactions?

A process where co-culture members attempt to fit into the dominant culture, exchanging or adopting cultural practices.

How do individualistic and collectivistic cultures differ?

Individualistic cultures stress individual goals and self-growth, while collectivistic cultures stress group goals (family, community) and selflessness.

What is cultural imperialism?

The expansion of one culture over another, which is broader than media imperialism.

What is cultural pluralism?

Maintaining one's own distinctive culture while peacefully accepting the culture of dominant groups, supporting diversity and multiculturalism.

What is cultural relativism?

Acceptance of other cultural groups as equal in value to one's own.

What is the difference between ethnocentrism and xenocentrism?

Ethnocentrism is the tendency to see one's own culture as superior to others; xenocentrism is the preference for the products, styles, or ideas of another culture over one's own.

How do high-context and low-context communication systems differ according to Edward Hall?

High-context relies on indirectness, situation, implicit non-verbal elements, and tradition; low-context relies on explicit spoken/written words, rules, and procedures.

How do high-power distance and low-power distance cultures differ?

High-power distance cultures feature strong hierarchy and defined rank/status; low-power distance cultures expect power to be used only when legitimate and emphasize equality.

What is the melting pot philosophy?

A concept derived from a 1908 American play proposing that different nationalities and cultures should blend together and assimilate into the dominant culture.

What is separation in co-culture strategies?

The strategy where co-culture members reject the dominant culture and avoid interacting with it in order to preserve their culture of origin.