IPHY 3410 Chapter 7 - Articulations and Joints

joint/articulation

a place of union between two or more bones

joint types in the body

fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

what is the only type of joint with a joint cavity

synovial

what are fibrous joints made of

dense regular CT

where are fibrous joints found

connecting bones

what are cartilaginous bones made of

cartilage

synarthrosis

immobile joint

amphiarthrosis

slightly movable joint

diarthrosis

freely movable joint

fibrous joint mobility

synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic

cartilaginous joint mobility

synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic

synovial joint mobility

all are diarthrotic

types of fibrous joints

suture, syndesmosis, and gomphosis

types of cartilaginous joints

synchondrosis and symphysis

suture joint

synarthrotic, short dense regular CT

syndesmosis

amphi, longer dense regular CT, between long bones

gomphosis

syn, peridontal - tooth to bone socket

symphysis

amphi, bones separated by fibrocartilage pad

synchondrosis

syn, united by hyaline cartilage, epiphyseal plate,

synovial joint

dia, ligament, and articular capsule

fibrous capsule

dense irregular CT which is an extension of the periosteum

synovial membrane

loose CT that produces synovial fluid and is vascular.

what type of cell is found within the synovial membrane would secrete synovial fluid?

fibroblast

articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage - covers articulating end of bones

articular disc

fibrocartilage disc found within some synovial joints (meniscus and TMJ)

rheumatoid arthritis

chronic inflammatory disorder, inflammation of synovial joints, pain and swelling

pannus

inflamed joint synovium

what does an inflamed synovial membrane form?

granular pannus

what replaces the pannus over time?

fibrous scar tissue - can cause fusion of bones

osteoarthritis

most common, articular cartilage breaks down, bone ends rub together

gouty arthritis (gout)

uric acid in blood precipitate out as crystals into synovial joints

uric acid crystals in joints forms a ___?

tophus

translational joint

joint moves in multiple directions in one plane. no axis of rotation

uniaxial joint

joint moves around only one axis

biaxial joint

joint moves around 2 axis

multiaxial

joint moves around 3 or more axis

types of synovial (diarthrotic) joints?

plane, hinge, translational, ball & socket, saddle, and condylar

what type of joint is a plane joint?

pivot

what type of joint is a hinge joint

uniaxial

what type of joint is a translational joint

uniaxial

what type of joint is a ball and socket joint

multiaxial

what type of joint is a saddle joint

biaxial

what type of joint is a condylar joint

biaxial

what is the synovial membrane made of?

loose areolar CT

what is the meniscus made of

fibrocartilage

what is the fibrous capsule made of

dense irregular CT

hinge joint

pivot joint

plane joint

condyloid joint

saddle joint

ball and socket joint

bursa

closed fibrous sac lined by synovial membrane & filled w/synovial fluid

purpose of a bursa?

reduces friction by rolling

bursitis

inflammation and swelling of bursa

tendon sheath

an elongated bursa-like structure that wraps around tendons in high friction areas. in small/tight areas

carpal tunnel syndrome

inflammation of tendon sheaths puts pressure on nerve passing through the carpal tunnel

how many bones make up the knee?

3 - femur, tibia, patella

What are the two joints of the knee?

tibiofemoral and femoropatellar

What type of joint it the femoropatellar joint?

plane joint, translational

purpose of femoropatellar joint?

works w quadriceps femoris muscle in leg extension

what is chondromalacia patellae?

tilt or lateral glide of the patella.

what type of joint is the tibiofemoral joint

biaxial hinge joint

what are the menisci made of

fibrocartilage.

what is the purpose of the menisci?

articulating surfaces of the tibiofemoral joint are not well matched, guide and support the condyles, and increase surface area

what is the articular capsule made of

fibrous (dense regulat CT) outer layer + inner synovial membrane

oblique popliteal ligament

location of oblique popliteal ligament

expands thru posterior portion capsule

(left green highlight)

arcuate popliteal

what does the arcuate popliteal ligament do

attaches the head of the fibula to the posterior region of the capsule. stabilizes capsule to fibula

popliteal

back of the knee

red highlight

tibial (medial) collateral (MCL)

purpose of tibial (medial) collateral (MCL)?

attaches tibia to femur, prevents medial movement of leg, stops leg extension

Fibular (lateral) collateral

purpose of the fibular (lateral) collateral

attaches fibula to femur, prevents lateral movement of leg, stops leg extension

what are the cruciate ligaments?

ACL and PCL

how are the cruciate ligaments named

where they attach to the tibia

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

purpose of the ACL?

prevents anterior sliding of tibia

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

purpose of the PCL

prevents anterior sliding of the femur

sprain

ligament stretched or torn

strain

tendon stretched or torn