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What is Memory?
Memory refers to the processes by which we encode, store, and retrieve information over time.
Memory for humans
Mental Capacity allows to remember:
past experiences - learn from them
use knowledge to guide behaviour in present and future
who first proposed the multi-store model
Atikinson and Shifrin 1968
Multi-store model
Three separate components:
Sensory
Short-term
Long-term
Each has its own capacity and duration
To move to next store, certain conditions required
Sensory Model
Sensory memory doesn’t store or process info
Detect info and hold it for STM or lost
Components of Sensory memory
Several sub components:
Visual
Auditory
Olfactory etc.
most research focused iconic and echoic memory
Stats for sensory
Limited by perception
Duration is short (iconic: 1 second / echoic: 2-5 seconds)
Stats for STM
STM: 7(+-2) units of information / duration = dependent of modality but no longer than 30 seconds
If unattended, fades away after 30 seconds
To move to LTM - rehearsal
Stats for LTM
Large amount of info for indefinite amount of time
Unlimited and unlimited
However, not easily retrievable
Limitations of MSM
Structure rather than process - even definition implies flow is more important than stores
Peterson and Peterson aim
Peterson and Peterson aimed to investigate the duration of the short-term memory and provide empirical evidence for the multi-store model.
Peterson and Peterson year
1959
Method
True Laboratory Experiment
Design
Repeated Measures Design
Sampling Strategy
Convenience; 24 psychology students
IV
Time delay before recall
DV
Recall accuracy of trigrams
Procedure 1
Participants asked to recall trigrams (e.g. TGH) after intervals of 3,6,9 - 18)
Procedure 2
During interval, backwards in 3’s - prevent rehearsal
Repeated several times with different trigrams
Findings 1
Longer interval - less recall
80% - 3 seconds
10% - 18 seconds
Conclusion 1
Short-term mem - limited duration when rehearsal is prevented
Info lost due to trace delay
Support difference between STM and LTM
Supports MSM
What study should be used with Peterson and Peterson for ERQ question on models of memory
Baddeley et al.
Baddeley et al. Year
1975
Aim
To investigate the effect of word length on short-term memory capacity, supporting the phonological loop
Method
True Laboratory experiment
Design
Repeated Measures design
Sampling strategy
Opportunity sampling; 72 participants
IV
Length of words
DV
Number of words correctly recalled in order
Procedure 1
Ppts shown a list of 5 words: either 1 syllable or 5+ syllables
Procedure 2
Asked to immediately recall them in order
Repeated with different word lists
Findings
Short words were recalled significantly better than long words
Number of words recalled matches what could be spoken in 1.5-2 seconds (word-length effect)
When rehearsal was suppressed, world length effect disappeared
Conclusion
STM capacity is limited by time, not number of items
People can recall as many words as they can say in 2 seconds
Supports phonological loop.
