Chromosomes, Genetic Inheritance, and Development

Flashcards covering chromosomes, genetic inheritance, prenatal development, infancy, cognitive development, attachment styles, Erikson's stages, parenting styles, and stages of grief.

What are chromosomes?

Thread-like structures made of DNA that contain genetic information.

How many chromosomes do humans have?

Humans have 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs.

How many chromosomes do you inherit from your mother?

You inherit 23 chromosomes from your mother.

How many chromosomes do you inherit from your father?

You inherit 23 chromosomes from your father.

What is a zygote?

A fertilized egg formed when a sperm cell unites with an egg cell; contains all genetic material for development.

What are monozygotic twins?

Identical twins that develop from one fertilized egg that splits into two embryos; share 100% of their genetic material.

What are dizygotic twins?

Fraternal twins that develop from two separate eggs fertilized by two different sperm; genetically similar like regular siblings.

Who determines the genetic sex of the child?

The father determines the child’s sex because he contributes either an X or Y chromosome.

What genotype represents a female?

XX.

What genotype represents a male?

XY.

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Genotype is the genetic makeup, while phenotype is the observable characteristics.

What are dominant genes?

Genes that are expressed when at least one dominant allele is present.

What are recessive genes?

Genes that are only expressed when both alleles are recessive.

What is the germinal stage of prenatal development?

The stage that begins at fertilization where the zygote forms and undergoes rapid cell division.

What is the embryonic stage of prenatal development?

The stage where major organs and structures begin to develop, and the heart starts beating.

What is the fetal stage of prenatal development?

The stage where growth continues and organs mature, starting at week 9 and lasting until birth.

What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?

A condition caused by alcohol exposure during pregnancy, leading to brain damage and growth issues.

What can smoking during pregnancy cause?

Low birth weight and increased risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).

What are the effects of cocaine or heroin during pregnancy?

They can cause premature birth and withdrawal symptoms in newborns.

What high caffeine exposure can be associated with?

Miscarriage.

What are some effects of marijuana use during pregnancy?

Low birth weight, small skull, and tremors.

What are some effects of nicotine during pregnancy?

Malformations, low birth weight, and heart defects.

What is the rooting reflex?

A newborn's reflex to turn their head when their cheek is touched.

What is the grasp reflex?

A newborn's reflex to close fingers around an object placed in their hand.

What is the Moro reflex?

A newborn's startle reflex when they feel as if they are falling.

What happens to brain development during the first two years?

Rapid growth and formation of synaptic connections through experience.

What is cooing in language development?

Making vowel sounds like 'ooo' and 'ahh' starting at 6-8 weeks.

What is babbling in language development?

Combining consonants and vowels, typically starting at 4-6 months.

What marks the one-word stage in language development?

First meaningful words, occurring around 12 months.

What characterizes the two-word stage in language development?

Simple phrases like 'want cookie,' occurring between 18-24 months.

What is telegraphic speech?

The use of short sentences, such as 'me go park,' starting around 2+ years.

What happens during the sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s cognitive development?

Learning through senses and movement; understanding object permanence starts around 8 months.

What is egocentrism in the preoperational stage?

The child sees the world only from their own perspective.

What do children understand during the concrete operational stage?

They can think logically about concrete events and understand conservation and reversibility.

What characterizes the formal operational stage of cognitive development?

Development of abstract and hypothetical thinking.

What is temperament?

Inborn traits that influence behavior and emotions.

What are the characteristics of an easy temperament?

Adaptable, happy, and regular routines.

What describes a difficult temperament?

Fussy and has irregular sleeping/eating patterns.

What is the slow to warm up temperament?

Shy and hesitant in new situations.

What is a secure attachment style?

A child is comfortable exploring, becomes distressed when the parent leaves, and happy upon return.

What defines an insecure-avoidant attachment style?

A child avoids the caregiver and does not seek comfort.

What is an insecure-ambivalent attachment style?

A child is clingy, upset when the caregiver leaves, but resists comfort upon return.

What is the first stage in Erikson’s psychosocial development?

Trust vs. Mistrust, developing basic trust in caregivers.

What do children learn in the autonomy vs. shame stage?

Learning independence during toddlerhood.

What is the initiative vs. guilt stage?

Children try new things and take initiative during preschool.

What is the industry vs. inferiority stage?

School-age children develop competence in skills.

What occurs in the identity vs. role confusion stage?

Adolescents figure out their personal identity.

What is the intimacy vs. isolation stage?

Young adults form close relationships.

What is generativity vs. stagnation stage about?

Middle adulthood stage where individuals contribute to society.

What is the integrity vs. despair stage in late adulthood?

Reflecting on life and coming to terms with one’s experiences.

What are the parenting styles identified by Diana Baumrind?

Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive, and Uninvolved.

What characterizes an authoritarian parenting style?

Strict, high expectations, little warmth; children are obedient but anxious.

What is an authoritative parenting style?

Balanced with firm expectations and warmth; children tend to be confident and successful.

What is a permissive parenting style?

Few rules and indulgent; children may struggle with self-control.

What is an uninvolved parenting style?

Neglectful and emotionally distant; children may struggle socially and academically.

What is the first stage in Kubler-Ross’s stages of grief?

Denial—refusing to accept the reality of death.

What is the anger stage in grief?

Feeling frustrated or resentful about the loss.

What does the bargaining stage in grief entail?

Trying to make deals related to survival or changes in behavior.

What characterizes the depression stage in grief?

Profound sadness about the loss.

What does acceptance mean in the context of grief?

Coming to terms with the reality of death.