AP Psychology: Psychological Disorders

What are the "3-D's" psychologists use to define a psychological disorder?

•Dysfunction

•Deviance

•Distress

Phillipe Pinel

Insisted that madness is not demon possession, but a sickness of the mind. Promoted more moral treatment

Medical model approach

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

Biopsychosocial approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

Diathesis-stress model

a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event

Example of diathesis-stress model

someone with a family history of depression just experienced a major relationship issue or job loss

How is diathesis-stress model related to epigenetics?

shows how genes and stress interact to cause mental illness. Epigenetics explains this by showing how stress can turn genes on or off, affecting mental health and possibly passing changes to future generations

DSM-5-TR

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, Text Revision: a system used for classifying psychological disorders, help to define who is eligible for treatments

ICD

(International Classification of Diseases): is a comprehensive system used to classify and code various medical conditions, including psychological disorders, it serves as a standardized diagnostic tool for healthcare professional worldwide, providing a common language to identify, study, and treat different types of disorders

Dr. Rosenhan's study

an experiment conducted by psychologist David Rosenhan in which healthy individuals pretended to have hallucinations to be admitted into psychiatric hospitals. The study highlighted the potential dangers and inaccuracies of psychiatric diagnoses

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

causes fear, a constant feeling of being overwhelmed and excessive worry about everyday things

Panic disorder

marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking or other frightening sensations

Ataque de nervios

a disorder found most often among Latinos from the Caribbean; it is characterized by trembling, crying, uncontrollable screams, and incidents of verbal or physical aggression

Agoraphobia

fear of open spaces

Specific phobias

irrational fears of specific objects or situations

Social anxiety disorders

intense fear of social situation, leading to avoidance of such

Taijin Kyofusho

primarily observed in Japan, characterized by an intense fear and anxiety of offending or embarrassing others through one's own actions or appearance

Obsessive Compulsive Behavior (OCD)

chronic mental health disorder characterized by recurring, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) that lead to repetitive behaviors (compulsions)

What are some of the common obsessions and compulsions?

-lining up books and pencils "just so" before studying

-checking 10 times to see if the door is locked

-washing your hands so often your skin becomes raw

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

mental health conditions triggered by experiencing or witnessing a terrifying event, leading to severe anxiety, nightmares, flashbacks, and uncontrollable thoughts about the event

Major Depressive Disorder

mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, loss interest or pleasure in activities, changes in appetite or sleep patterns, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of suicide

Persistent depressive disorder

chronic form of depression characterized by persistent feelings of sadness hopelessness, and low self-esteem for at least two years

Bipolar spectrum disorder

range of mood disorders characterized by extreme mood swings, including periods of elevated, expansive, or irritable mood (mania) and periods of depression

Mania

state of abnormally elevated arousal, affect, and energy level, or "a state of heightened overall activation with enhanced affective expression together with liability of affect

Bipolar 1

characterized by one or more manic or mixed episodes (symptoms of both mania and depression) and one or more major depressive episodes

Bipolar 2

involves one or more major depressive episodes accompanied by at least one hypomanic episode (a milder form of mania)

Rumination

to compulsively focused attention on the symptoms of one's distress, and on its possible causes, consequences, as opposed to its solutions

Identify the two neurotransmitters involved in the depressed brain

serotonin and norepinephrine

Vicious cycle of depression

negative thoughts

↓

reduced activity

↓

isolation and further negative thoughts

↓

worsening depression

Schizophrenia spectrum disorder

encompass a range of conditions that share symptoms with schizophrenia, such as disorganized thinking, hallucinations, delusions, and social withdrawal

Hallucinations

perceptions in the absence of external stimulus that have qualities of real perception (things that someone sees, hears, smells, tastes, or feels that aren't really there)

Delusions

false beliefs that a person firmly holds onto, despite clear evidence to the contrary, these beliefs are not influenced by reality and remain persistent even when they're irrational

Selective attention

or ability to focus on one particular task or stimulus among many competing stimuli

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

apathy, lethargy, and withdrawal from social events or settings.

Chronic schizophrenia

severe mental disorder characterized by persistent symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or behavior, and impaired cognitive ability.

Acute schizophrenia

subtype of schizophrenia characterized by sudden onset but potentially good prognosis if treated promptly. Symptoms may include disorganized speech or behavior and any form of hallucination or delusion.

Causes for schizophrenia

Brain/genetic causes: heritability and polygenic influence

Environmental causes: prenatal factors, birth complications, urban upbringing

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.

Dissociative amnesia

loss of memory for personal information, either partial or complete

Depersonalization/derealization disorder

condition in which you feel detached from your thoughts, feelings, and body (depersonalization), and/or disconnected from your environment (derealization)

Personality disorders

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

Antisocial personality disorder

mental health disorder characterized by disregard for others, persistent lying, stealing, demonstrating aggressive behavior and a lack of remorse.

eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, leading to self-starvation and excessive weight loss

Bulimia nervosa

eating disorder marked by cycles of overeating followed by unhealthy behaviors such as vomiting or using laxatives to rid the body of food

Proposed causes of eating disorders

genetic, psychological, or sociocultural factors

Neurodevelopmental disorders

group of conditions characterized by impairments in brain function that affect an individual's cognitive, emotional, social, and behavioral development

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

a developmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, along with restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior of interests

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning and development.