Tissue, Skin, membranes

hisology

study of tissues

Tissues

group of cells that are similar in structure and finction

epithelial tissue

Linings and coverings

Epitheial layers: simple

one layer

Epitheial layers: stratified

more than one layer

Epitheial layers: pseudostraitifed

- 1 layer that appears to be many layers (only in trachea)

- has protective cilia covreed in mucos to protect lungs.

Epitheial cellular shape: Squamous

irregular/flat

Epitheial cellular shape: cubidal

box like

Epitheial cellular shape: columnar

rectangular

Connective tissue

living cells surrounded by a non-living matrix (supporting and binding)

Connective tissue Ground Substance

Glycoproteins in extracellular space, sticky but not permanent

Connective tissue fibers

provide support

collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers

permanent

CT fiber types: Areolar

light packing material, looks like thin random lines

what firms/loosens skin

CT fiber types: Adipose

storage, insulaton, protection

made up of lipids (fats)

soap suds

CT fiber types: Recticular

network of fibers loose in matrix

shapes the soft internal organs

tree branches

CT fiber types: blood

transport repiratory gasses, nutrients, and waste

lots of tiny circles, semi organized

Muscle tissue

A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move.

Muscle Tissue: Skeletal

attached to bones, moves body, well organized, most common

Muscle Tissue: Cardiac

walls of the heart, moves blood

Muscle Tissue: Smooth

walls of hollow organs, move substances

Nervous tissue

specialized to conduct impluses for control and comunication

Nervous tissue cell types

Nuerons

Neuroglia

Integument (skin) layers

epidermis, dermis

Epidermis

thin outer layer, stratified squamous

Epidermis layers (deep to superficial)

stratum basale

stratum spinosum

stratum granulosum

stratum lucidum

stratum corneum

stratum basale

deepest layer of epidermis

area of fast mitosis

keeps water in

stratum spinosum

thickest

majority of the cell's life

stratum granulosum

where cells slow down till they die

stratum lucidum

optional

thin layer of dead cells

callus

stratum corneum

many layers of dead cells

Dermis

dense lower layer of the skin

iregular connective tissue

Dermis Layers: Papillary Layer

upper thin layer

dermapapill

dermapapill

what creates fingerprints, projections that create a pattern

Dermis layers: Recticular Layer

80% of dermin

orgin of appendages

Sebaceous (oil) glands

cells secrete sebum to act as lubricant for protection

everywhere but palms and soles

empties into hair follicles

sudoriferous (sweat) glands

secreate fluid containing waste

Eccrine sweat glands

respond primarily to elevated body temperature/ react to temp

Apocrine sweat glands

found in axillary and urogenital regions (stinks)

Hair

everywhere but palms of hands, soles of feet, nipples, lips, parts of external genitalia; root and shaft

arrector pili muscle

smooth muscle, attached at the base and contract to raise the hair and results in goosbumps

1st degree burn

damage to epidermis

2nd degree burn

damage to epidermis and upper dermis

get blister

3rd degree burn

epidermis and dermis destroyed

body never heals

Cutaneous membrane

skin, only dry membrane

mucous membrane

wet membrane

lines the cavities that open up to the exterior

serous membrane (serosa)

secreates fluid (lubricant, nutrition) aka WD-40

line closed body cavities

coverns organs

Parietal layer- outer

Visceral layer- inner

Pleura

lung serous membrane

Peritoneum

abdominal serous membrane

Pericardium

heart serous membrane

epithelial special characteristics: apical

the top surface, microvilli or cilia, inverted, avascular, regenerative

epithelial special characteristics: basal

bottom surface, adhesive, filters and supports

Gland

One or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion

Endocrine

ductless, screte into blood

Exocrine

secrete into the ducts, external

Connective tissue characteristic

all derived from same embryonic tissue: mesenchyme

connective tissue proper

fibroblast

Cartlidge

chondroblast

Bone

osteoblast

blood

hematopoletic

dense regular connective tissue

parallel collagen fibers, ex: knee

dense irregular connective tissue

criss-cross collagen fibers, ex:skin

elastic connective tissue

stretchy and recoling tissue

Cartilage

tough, flexible, no nerves, avascular, surrounded by perichondrium

Hyaline

the most common cartilage that has collagen fibers, glassy, support, articular

elastic cartilage

rare cartilage, elastic fibers, strength and stretch, ex: ears, epiglattis

Bone

osseous tissue, support and protect

Blood

Matrix=blood plasma

transport

Marfans Syndrome

An inherited disorder that affects connective tissue, lack of elastic fibers, loose joints and long limbs

Steps of tissue repair: inflamation

control/minimize and respond to damage

clean up to prepare, macrophager

Steps of tissue repair: organization

resore blood supply

new capillaries bud

macrophager removes clots

Steps of tissue repair: Regeneration/ fibrosis

surface regenerates

scab falls off

scar tissues matures

leaves skin thicker in that area

Factors that influence repair

tissue type

blood suply level

type of injury, treatment,care

state of health

age

nutrition

Tissue changes that come with age

Epithelia: thins, easier to tear

Collagen: declines, repair is less efficient

Circulation declines

Carcinogen

substances that can lead to cancer

onceogenes

genes that make someone more prone to cancer

proto-oncogens

the un activated oncogenes

tumor suppressor genes

kill cancer cells

dedifferentiation

a specialized cell that tries to revert back into a stem cell

Neoplasm

newly discovered cancer growth

benign

local, encapsulated

malignant

spread, and metastasize

Dx- cancer

biopsy- see how severe

MRI/CT scan- checks size

RX- cancer

surgery, radiation, drugs

Keratinocytes

keeps water in, waxy

Melanocytes

melanin, deepest layer, protects against UV

Langerhan’s cells

1st layer, eat any “parasites, it is part of the immune system

Merkel cells

few in numbers, creates some sensory nerve endings/touch receptors

Striae

stretch marks

Cyanosis

blueish color, poor oxygenation

Erythema

redness, fever, allergy, blushing

Pale

palor, emotional stress, anemia, hypotension

Jaundice

yellow/liver disease

Bronzing

hypoaorenalism, addisons disease

Bruises

black and blue, hematation

Cerominous glands

modified apocrine glands that secrete cerumen

(ear wax)

Mammary gland

modified sweat glands, secrete milk

Whiteheads

pore clogged, beneath the surface

blackheads

sebum oxidizes, at the surface

Acne

inflamation of oil glands

Seborrhea

overactive glands