History FInal

Vassal

Nobles, did the actual work for the king. Collected taxes and enforced laws

Feudalism

A political and social system in medieval Europe where lords granted land to vassals in exchange for loyalty and military service.

The Crusades

The Crusades were a series of religious wars fought between Christians and Muslims in the Middle Ages. They were launched by the Catholic Church in an attempt to regain control of Jerusalem from Muslim rule as well as win over the people who were starting to doubt the Church.

Manorial System

Provided economic self sufficiency and defense, produced everything that as required to live, limit on trade and outside contact

Serfs

Not enslaved but tied to the land, Needed permission for their lords on everything. Provided service for protection

Three field system

 crop rotation in which a field is planted with one set of crops one year, a different set in the second year, and left fallow in the third year

3 principles to feudalism

1\.) Ownership of land

2\.) Service

3\.) Loyalty

King

Gave fiefs (land) for service

Knights

The backbone of feudal society, used as entertainment, got fiefs, lived by the code of chivalry

3 ages of the middle ages

1\.) Early/ Dark

2\.) High Middle

3\.) Late Middle

Magna Carta

the english bill of rights, limit on power that the king had signed by king john in 1215

Late Middle Ages

100 years war, Black Death, Corruption in the Church , Peasants Revolt, End of feudalism

Dark Ages

Began with the fall of Rome, Prefeudalism, Spread of Christanity and Islam

High Middle Ages

Began with the Norman Conquest, Signing of the Magna Carta, Est. of Feudalism, Intellectual Renissance

1st Crusade

Pope Urban wants to “reclaim” Jerusalem, tricked many into fighting by saying that they were doing Gods will. OUTCOME: Christains capture Jerusalem

2nd Crusade

* Partnered with the French
* Retallition for the crusader states taken over by Muslims
* OUTCOME: Muslims Victory, Jerusalem under Islamic control

Great Schism in 1054

Division of East (Constantinople) and West (Rome) Church after years of tension. Pope Leo

3rd Crusade

* Saladin conquers almost all of the crusader states
* Stalemate after Pope died
* OUTCOME: Muslims in control of Jerusalem

4th Crusade

Nothing just fighting

Hundred Years War

* 1337-1453
* France v. England
* No clear winner
* fought over succession of the French Throne

Indulgences

Payment to the Church to relieve someone of sin. Used to pay for the lavish lifestyles of the Clergy

Burghers

shopkeepers, merchants, craftspeople, small landowners

Primogeniture

Eldest son inherits

Renaissance

Revival of interest in art, literature, culture, and civic virtue.

* vernacular language
* powerful monarchies
* nationalism
* centralization of government

Humanism

movement focused on individuals rather than God

Little Ice Age

1300s

Cooling

Increase in disease and unemployment

decrease in productivity

scapegoating

Marco polo

* Venician
* Visited Bejing
* Increased Europe’s interest in Asia and their culture
* increase in cartography

Gutenberg printing press

* 1439
* Increase in literacy
* Spread information faster

gunpowder empires

large, multiethnic states in Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control territories (ex. Russia, Ottomans, Safavid)

Suleiman

* Ruled Ottoman Empire at its peak
* Declared religious worship happiest of all practices
* led army to conquer Christian strongholds

Tudors

* Family that ruled England
* 1485-1603
* Relied on justices of peace

Justices of Peace

Officials selected by landed gentry

* maintain peace
* decreased power of feudal lords
* occupied many seats of parliment

Parliament

* checks monarchs powers
* kind of like the Senate and House

English Bill of Rights

* signed in 1689
* Assured individual civil liberties
* taxation
* military

Absolutism

* one source of unrestricted power (all-powerful monarch)
* practiced by France

Intendants

* Royal officials
* “Tax farmers”
* Practiced by France
* Bureaucratic elites sent out to provinces to execute the orders of the cent. government

Martin Luther

* Monk
* Catholic
* Upset with the use of indulgences
* wrote the 95 theses
* excommunicated

Calvinism

* Founded by John Calvin
* Based in Switzerland
* Branch of Protestantism

Anglicanism

* King Henry VIII
* Split because church wouldn’t warrant a divorce

95 Theses

* spread quickly thanks to the printing press
* Posted by Martin Luther disagreeing with many practices of the Catholic Church

Estates-General

A legislative assembly in France composed of representatives from the three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners

started the French Revolution

East India Company

* Owned by England
* Controlled the entire Indian Subcontinent
* Workers protected by army

Taiping Rebellion

Began in 1850

failed civil servants, and starving peasants, workers, and miners attempted to overthrow the Qing Dynasty in this uprising. 

Boxers

* Anti Imperialist group in China
* Attacked Chinese Christians and missionaries
* Rebellion ordered by Empress Cixi → over 100,000 killed

Meji Restoration

* Began rapid industrilization in Japan
* Overthrew the traditional government

Spheres of Influence

Specific trading zones in China created for Japan, Germany, Britain, France, and the United States

Dutch East India Company

Fell apart due to corruption

produced cash crops

French Indochina

Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam

Culture System

Introduced in 1830 by the Dutch

forced farmers to choose between growing cash crops for export or corvee labor

1st Opium War

* revealed the fate of non industrialized nations
* ended in the Treaty of Nanking (Unfair)

Start of Opium Wars

British wanted Chinese goods, but the Chinese did not British goods which caused a trade imbalance and a lack of silver. British sold opium to the Chinese to begin making money. 

Treaty of Nanking

* 4 ports open with british control
* Unfair Treaty
* Neither side is satisfied with the terms

Treaty of Tientsin

* Treaty
* More ports for Britain
* envoys in Bejing
* opium legalized in China

Open Door Policy

* Proposed by the US
* System of trade in China to open to all countries equally

Ethnic Enclaves

* Clusters of neighborhoods of people from the same foreign country
* formed many major cities of the world
* Influenced culture and absorbed migrants cultural traditions

Chinese Exclusion Act

* 1882 Passed by Congress
* Permanent in 1902
* Restricted immigration to the US

Sun Yat-Sen

* Leads the 1st republic after the revolution in 1911
* 1st leader of the Kuomintang
* Allied with Mao’s forces
* Gave up after 2 months due to lack of military strength
* Wanted China to follow Confucious Principles
* Created the Three Peoples Principle

Three People’s Principle

Democracy, Nationalism, Livelihood

Kuomintag

Chinese Nationalist Party

March 1st movement

Korea calls for independence from Japan

One of the first public demonstrations against Japan in Korea

May 4th Movement

Furious with the decisions of the Allies to support Japan after WWI, Chinese intellectuals and workers staged anti-Japanese demonstrations. Led China away from the West and towards USSR

Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

* Founded in 1921
* eventually led by Mao Zedong
* Influenced by the Bolsheviks

Chiang Kai shek

2nd leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party (koumintang) who had a deep-seated distrust of communism and nearly annihilated Mao's forces in 1927

Red Guards

Group of child soldiers directed to eradicate the "four olds"

The Long March

* Year long 6,000 mile retreat
* CCP led by Mao retreated to escape persecution

The Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

What Japan called its expanded empire in Asia during the 1900's

 a main problem created by the massive increase in population of China between then 1700's and 1800's.

famine

Great Leap Forward

Economic and social plan which aimed to use china's vast population to rapidly transform mainland China from a primarily agrarian economy into an industrialized communist society.

sugar, coffee, indigo

the 3 cash crops grown during the time of the Culture System

Four Olds

Ideas, Culture, Customs, Habits

indentured servitude

Arrangements through which servants contracted to work for a specified period of years in exchange for passage

Mao Zedong

* founded the People's Republic of China in 1949.
* Led the Chinese Communist Party to victory against the Nationalists in the Chinese Civil War.
* Instituted policies such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution.
* Died on 1976

Spice Islands

Region in Indonesia known for its rich history of spice cultivation and trade. Highly sought after. Controlled by Portugal then the Dutch

Quinine

The creation of this drug allowed for European colonizers to move deeper into Africa without the fear of dying from malaria

Pan-Africanism

shared identity of wester-educated Africans

Berlin Conference

This meeting was held between European leaders to decide on how to colonize the continent of Africa

Sokoto Caliphate

Largest African empire since the 16th century; established the slave trade as a means of economic growth at a time when the British were trying to prevent the use of slaves. 

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

consisted of over 400,000 cattle being slaughtered, was intended to remove the evil spirits of the British settlers over a people who did not wish to be colonize

Samory Toure

West African Chieftain who fought with the French on several occasions to prevent colonization

Organization of African Unity (OAU)

The name of Africa's first post-independence continental institution

Cultural Revolution

Massive social upheaval brought on by struggle for power within the Communist Party

corvee laborers

unpaid workers who were forced to work as a form of taxation, used to build the suez canal

Suez Canal

* Built in 1869
* Connected the Mediterranean and the Red Sea

Scramble for Africa

European countries raced to colonize and control African territories. Led to the partitioning of Africa into European colonies and had lasting impacts on the continent.

Boer Wars

Bloody battle between Dutch (Boers) and England (Anglos)

Berlin Conference

* 1884-1885
* Otto Van Bismark → Interested in peace not Africa
* No african leaders were present or invited
* European powers came together to divide Africa

Afrikaners

Group of South Africans descended from Dutch settlers They developed their own language, Afrikaans, and played a significant role in the country's history, including the apartheid era.

Palm Oil

* Used to lubricate factory machines and candle making
* Originated in West Africa as a staple food produced
* Very valued and sometimes substituted as money
* Cash Crop

De Beers Mining Company

* est. 1880
* Accounted for 90% of the worlds diamond production in 1881
* set up rail system

Cash Crops

crop grown by colonies to be sold and profited off by colonist

Cash crop of Egypt

Cotton

Apartheid

* institutionalized segregation in South Africa
* Dutch minority over African Majority
* “apartness”
* Abolished in 1991
* registered 4 different races; lived in different areas

African National Congress

Nelson Mandela; group created to indirectly oppose apartheid

District 6

* Peaceful, integrated town
* declared as a white area and displaced many

Bantustan

A territory set aside for black South Africans during apartheid. They were meant to be "independent" but were not recognized by other countries. Homelands

Zionist National Movement

Movement to establish a Jewish state in ancestral homeland of Israel

Oslo Accords

1995 Peace conference that resulted in Israel officially recognizing the PLO

Six Days War

* 1967
* Israel gained the Gaza strip, the West Bank, Jerusalem, and Golan Heights

the 3 main obstacles to Peace

1\. Jewish Settlements

2\. The Separation Wall

3\. Jerusalem

1st Intifada

time period of increased violence and rebellion from the Palestinians directed at the Israelis from 1987-1993