Bio igcse

body temperature

37 C

chemical compound on an enzyme

active site

molecule that reacts with enzyme

substrate

amylase…

starch to maltose

maltase…

maltose to glucose

pepsin…

protein to polypeptides

trypsin…

polypeptides to amino acids

lipase…

lipids to glycerol

sucrase…

sucrose to glucose and fructose

circulaory system provides…

oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, urea, hormones, antibodies

components of blood

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, plasma

shape of erythrocytes

biconcave disc

oxygen bonded to haemoglobin

oxyhaemoglobin

stages of phagocytosis

engulfs the pathogen, releases enzymes which digest, expel the waste

ratio of phagocytes to lymphocytes

3:1

Lymphocytes produce…

antibodies, bind to antigens on pathogens

What do antibodies do

burst pathogens, stick together bacteria, neutralize toxins produced by pathogens

memory cells

develop from lymphocytes, last for years and give immunity to pathogens it has encountered. secondary immune response

platelets

fragments of cells, clot blood
produce a chemical to convert fibrinogen to fibrin, to form clots

substances in plasma

amino acids, glucose, cholesterol, urea, lactic acid, carbon dioxide, heat

hepatic artery

blood to the liver

hepatic portal vein

bood from the intestines, spleen, pancreas, to the liverre

renal artery

blood to the kidneys

blood enters heart…

vena cava to the right atriumb

blood goes to lungs…

right ventricle to pulmonary artery

blood exits heart…

left ventricle to aorta

tricuspid valve

seperates right atrium and ventricle

bicuspid valve

seperates left atrium and ventricle

adrenaline is produced in…

adrenal glands

coronary heart disease

plaque buildup in coronary arteries, increases blood pressure, causes heart attacksfa

factors affecting coronary heart disease

smoking, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, family history, lack of excercise

xylem inside or outside of plant stem

inside

translocation

either way, transports cell sap, which contains water, sugars, amino acids

transpiration

through xylem, loss of water from a plant, maintains a high concentration gradient

hydrogen carbonate indicator

low CO2 is purple, medium is orange, high is yellow