UND Stage 26 Private Pilot

Piper Archer Fuel System

48 gallon usable fuel, 2 unusable

2 pumps: Engine Driven (main) and Electronic (backup)

Piper Archer Electrical System

28 volt electrical system

24 volt primary battery

70 amp/28 volt alternator

24 volt emergency battery

At least know the Emergency Bus

Essential Bus: Pitot Heat, Fuel Pump, Stby Inserter, ADAHRS, COM 1, GEA, INTEG AV 1, PFD, Lightning Port

Non-Essential Bus: Pitch/Trim, Air Cond, Vent Fan, Engine Start

Hot Batt Bus: ELT, Hour Meter, Courtesy Lights

Avionics Bus: COM2, DME, INTEG AV 2, MFD, ADF, TAS,

XM, Turn Coordinator

Lighting Bus: Avionic Dimmer, Anti Col, NAv, Panel Dimmer, Ldg Lights, Cabin Lights

*Emergency Bus:* Avionics Lights, ADAHRS, Audio, GEA, INTEG AV 1, PFD, STBY INSTR, COM 1

Piper Archer Engine

Lycomming IO-B4A-360

I stands for fuel injected

O stands for horizontally opposed

360 stands for 360 ml for the cylinders

Four-cylender, direct drive, horizontally opposed fuel injected system rated at 180 horsepower and 2700 RPM

Air cooled

Class A Weather Minimums

N/A

Class B Weather Minimums

3 miles, clear of clouds

Class C Weather Minimums

3SM, 500 ft below/1000 ft above/2000 ft from

Class D Weather Minimums

3SM, 500 ft below/1000 ft above/2000 ft from

Class E Weather Minimums

Less than 10000: 3SM, 500 ft below/1000 ft above/2000 ft from

At or above 10000: 5SM, 1000 ft below/1000 ft above/1SM from

Class G Weather Minimums

1200 or less:

-Day 1SM clear of clouds

-Night 3SM 500 ft below/1000 ft above/2000 ft from, but can operate clear of clouds when visibility is less than 3SM but more than 1SM in an airport traffic pattern and within 1/2NM of the runway

1200 to 10000:

-Day 1SM, 500 ft below/1000 ft above/2000 ft from

-Night 3SM 500 ft below/1000 ft above/2000 ft from;

At or above 10000: 5SM, 500 ft below/1000 ft above/2000 ft from

Why does stall speed change with flaps?

The flaps create more lift.

What is the purpose of cruise climb?

Allows for more air over to the engine, best groundspeed, best visibility, and best passenger comfort

Why does maneuvering speed change with weight?

Different weights requires different amounts of angle of attack.

Can we operate above Vno?

Yes, in smooth air.

What are the likely causes of engine failure?

Fuel Exhaustion

Incorrect mixture setting

Not enough airflow throughout engine

Detonation

Incorrect oil amounts

Why do we use alternate air in an engine failure?

To provide another source of airflow to the engine. Note that this air is unfiltered.

Why do we continue to crank the starter for the engine when we have an engine fire during start?

To allow maximum airflow out of the exhaust.

Why do we turn off the heat and defroster when there is a fire during flight?

So the fire or smoke doesn't spread into the cabin.

Why do we keep the EMERG BATT switch on during a electrical fire?

To continue to provide electricity to our systems. The emergency battery is separate from the main electrical system.

Why do we bank during our emergency descent?

To descend faster. We change vertical lift to horizontal lift to help us descend at a rapid rate.

Stages of a Spin

Entry, Incipiant, Development, Recovery

Incipiant - not all forces are equal

Developed - all forces are equal

What happens when we enter a spin?

A spin is a stall with yaw in which both wings are stalled but one is stalled more than the other. The plane rotates along a vertical axis.

What are the most likely phases of a flight that a spin will occur?

Uncoordinated stall, engine failure during takeoff or approach, turn from base to final, go around with full nose up trim or go around with improper flap retraction

What factors affect a spin and how?

Power - Adding power to a spin will prolong the spin and make it worse.

Weight and Balance - forward will make it easier to recover, and aft will make it harder

Flaps - having flaps will prolong the spin and reduce the effectiveness of the rudder

Altitude - higher altitude will lengthen the spin due to the less air density

Requirements to enter Class A airspace

ATC Clearance, IFR Clearance

Requirements to enter Class B Airspace

ATC Clearance, 2-way radios, Transponder with Mode C

Need a PPL or a student pilot cert with endorsement

Requirements to enter Class C Airspace

2-way radio communications, Transponder with Mode C

Student Pilot with endorsement

Requirements to enter a Class D Airspace

2-way radio communications

Student Pilot with endorsment

What speed are we limited to bellow 10,000 MSL?

250 knots

What speed are we limited to at or bellow 2500 AGL or within 4nm of a Class C or D?

200 knots

What speed are we limited to while flying in underlying Class B airspace?

200 knots

Restricted Areas

Airspace with unusual, often invisible hazards to aircraft (military). Need ATC clearance to enter.

Depicted on sectional.

Prohibited Areas

Flights are prohibited

Depicted on sectional.

Warning Areas

Similar to restricted areas, don't need ATC clearance.

Off the USA coast line.

Depicted on sectional charts.

Military Operating Areas

Areas where military have operations.

Contact FSS for updates and current ATC field for traffic.

Depicted on sectional and do not need clearance to get in.

Alert Areas

Contain a high volume of pilot training or unusual aerial activity.

Depicted on sectional, no clearance.

Terminal Radar Service Area (TRSA)

Airspace surrounding designated airports where ATC provides vectoring, sequencing, and separation on a full time basis for IFR and VFR.

Military Training Routes

Low altitude, high speed training. IR1234 (below 1500) IR123 (Above 1500).

Temporary Flight Restrictions

Geographically-limited, short-term, airspace restrictions.

Can get clearance to go through.

International Borders

Private Pilot PIC standard docs, passengers passports, ARROW, Mode C transponder and Insurance

Wildlife Refuges

2000 above until authorization to land

Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ)

The area of airspace over land or water, extending upward from the surface, within which the ready identification, the location, and the control of aircraft are required in the interest of national security.

Who is responsible for maintaining the aircraft's airworthiness?

The Owner

Who is responsible for determining if an aircraft is airworthy?

The PIC

MARROWG

MEL

Air worthiness

Registration

Radio License (international)

pOh

Weight and balance

G-1000 manuel

AV1ATE

Annual

VOR (30 days)

100 hr (rental/instruction)

Altimeter (24 months)

Transponder (24 months )

ELT

-12 months

-1/2 battery usage

-1 hour of continuous use

What kind of inspections do we have at UND?

Approved progressive plans

If we fail to complete an progressive plan, we have to do a whole complete anual

Who can authorize an aircraft to return to line after maintenance has been performed on an aircraft?

Private Pilot after they do preventative maintenance

Examples of preventative maintenance?

Filling oil, replacing hydraulic fluid, filling/changing tires

What needs to be recorded when a pilot performs preventative maintenance?

Description, Date, Pilot Name, Signature, Type of rating, and certificate number

How long are we required to keep maintenance records?

One year.

Does registration expire?

Yes, 3 years

Four Parts to an MEL

1. Table of contents

2. Log of revisions

3. Preamble and definitions.

4. A control page

What steps do we need to take if we don't have an MEL?

Regulation is 91.213

1. 91.205

2. VFR day type certificate

3. Kinds of operations

4. Airworthiness directive

5. PIC

VFR Day (Tomato Flames A)

T-tacometer

O-oil pressure gauge

M-manifold pressure gauge

A-altimeter

T-temperature gauge (liquid cold)

O-oil temperature gauge (air cooled)

F-fuel gauge

L-landing gear position lights

A-airspeed indicator

M-magentic compass

E- ELT

S- seat belts/harnesses

A- anti collision light

VFR Night (Flaps)

F-fueses (one complete set)

L-landing lights (if used for hire or training)

A-anti collision light

P-position lights

S-source of power

Where can I find the Kinds of Operation list?

Section 2 of the POH

Airworthiness Directives

Legally enforced changes to an airplane to correct for an unsafe parts of an airplane.

Service Bulletin

Recommended maintenance information from the manufacturer regarding flight safety which may be mandatory.

Private Pilot Cert Privileges

May act as PIC in connection with business or employment

May not pay less than pro-rata share of operating expense

May act a as PIC for charitable or community

Maybe reimbursed for search and rescue,

May perform preventative maintenance

Private Pilot Requirements

FAA Medical Certificate

Logbook endorsements

Meet FAA requirements (practical exam)

Complete student training

Private Pilot Limitations

May carry passengers but without compensation or hire

Incidental to business or employment

Pilots may share operating expenses

Private Pilot Currency

Completed a flight review in the past 24 months (1 hour ground, 1 hour flight, done with a flight instructor)

In the past 90 days make 3 touch and gos at least. For night, make 3 full stop landings. Night currency does count for day currency.

If you are current, are you proficient?

Currency does not mean your are proficient to fly.

3rd Class Medical

The least needed for private pilot. Lasts for 60 calendar months if under 40 and 24 for at and over 40.

2nd Class Medical

Expires 12 calendar months for anyone.

1st Class Medical

Expires 12 calendar months if under 40 and 6 calendar months if at or over 40.

Symptoms of Hypoxia

Headache, slow reaction time, euphoria, drowsiness, numbness, visual impairments

If we experience hypoxia, what should we do?

Descend, supplemental oxygen, slow deep breathing

Symptoms of hyperventilation

Rapid heart rate, heavy breathing, drowsiness, dizziness, weakness

Leans Illusion

The most common form of spatial disorientation, caused by a sudden return to level flight following a gradual and prolonged turn.

Coriolis Illusion

The illusion of rotation or movement in an entirely different axis, caused by an abrupt head movement, while in a prolonged constant-rate turn that has ceased to stimulate the brain's motion sensing system.

Graveyard Spiral Illusion

A pilot is in a prolonged coordinated, constant-rate turn may experience the illusion of not turning. During the recovery to level flight, the pilot will then experience the sensation of turning in the opposite direction.

Somatogravic Illusion

The misperception of being in a nose-up or nose-down attitude, caused by a rapid acceleration or deceleration while in flight situations that lack visual reference.

Inversion Illusion

The feeling that the aircraft is tumbling backwards, caused by an abrupt change from climb to straight-and-level flight while in situations lacking visual reference.

Elevator Illusion

The sensation of being in a climb or descent, caused by the kind of abrupt vertical accelerations that result from up- or downdrafts.

False Horizon Illusion

Occurs when the aviator confuses cloud formations with the horizon or the ground. This illusion occurs when an aviator subconsciously chooses the only reference point available for orientation.

Autokinesis

Results when a static light appears to move when it is stared at for several seconds. Uncontrolled eye movement may possibly cause the illusion of movement as the eye attempts to find some other visual reference points.

Runway Width Illusion

Wider: feel lower, be higher

Thinner: feel higher, be lower

Runway Slope Illusion

Upslope: feel higher, be lower

Downslope: feel lower, be higher

Two Categories of Stress and Fatigue

Chronic - long term

Acute - short term

Airplane Registration Durations

State is annual.

Federal 3 years if registered after 10/1/10.

Where is the official W&B?

Back of POH

Density Altitude

Pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature

Pressure Altitude

Height above the standard datum plane when 29.92 is set in the altimeter.

Max Gross Weight

Maximum possible weight the airplane can be.

Operational Gross Weight

Basic empty weight plus the useful load.

Arm

Horizontal distance in inches from the reference datum line to the center of gravity of the item.

Basic Empty Weight

Standard empty weight plus optional equipment.

Standard Empty Weight

The weight of a standard airplane, including unusable fuel, full operating fluids and full engine oil.

Empty Weight

Aircraft's weight before fuel, oil and mission equipment (when built)

FAR 91.9 (Civil aircraft flight manual, marking, and placard requirements)

All aircraft must adhere to the operating limitations specified in the flight manual of aircraft, marking, and placards.

91.17 (Alcohol or drugs)

No alcohol or drug use during flight. Or 8 hours before flight for alcohol. .04 BAC

FAR 91.103 (Preflight Action)

The PIC must become familiar with all available information concerning the flight, weather briefings, runway lengths, takeoff and landing distances, elevation, all information that could assist in the flight or cause an issue during. Weight and balance, and performance.

FAR 91.105 (Flight crewmembers at stations)

During takeoff and landing make sure every crew member is stationed properly.

FAR 91.107 (Use of safety belt)

Each person on board is briefed on how to fasten and unfasten that persons safety belt and, if installed, shoulder harness.

FAR 91.111 (Operating near other aircraft)

No person may operate an aircraft so close to another aircraft that it causes a collision hazard

FAR 91.113 (Right of way rules)

Aircraft in distress have right of way, less maneuverable aircraft have right of way, always fly to the right of other aircrafts, all aircraft flying in final have the right of way.

FAR 91.119 Minimum Safe Altitudes

Congested Areas: 1000' above, 2000' horizontally

Other than Congested Areas: 500' above the ground except over water and sparsely congested areas in which you have to stay 500' away from any person or object.

FAR 91.121 (Altimeter settings)

When operating an aircraft below 18,000' MSL, pilots will maintain altitude by reference to an altimeter that is set to:

1. The current reported altimeter setting of a station along the route of flight and within 100 NM of the aircraft.

2. The current reported altimeter setting of an appropriate available station

3. In an aircraft without a radio, the elevation of the departure airport or an appropriate setting available before departure.

FAR 91.151 (Fuel Requirements for Flights)

Day: 30 minutes

Night: 45 minutes