Chapter 3 Organization of the Body

Cell membrane

Outer covering of the cell that controls what enters and exits

Cytoplasm

The gel-like substance within the cell membrane that contains organelles, proteins, and other molecules essential for cellular processes.

Nucleus

The membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls cell growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

Stem cells

Undifferentiated cells capable of developing into specialized cell types. They play a crucial role in growth, repair, and regeneration in the body.

Tissue

A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function within an organism, such as muscle or connective tissue.

Epithelial Tissue

A type of tissue that covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands. It functions in protection, absorption, sensation, secretion, excretion, and diffusion

Connective Tissue

The most widespread and abundant, forms supporting network for organs, sheaths the muscles, and connects muscle to bone and bones to joints. bone is a dense form of connective tissue

Three types of muscle tissue

1. Skeletal muscle- voluntary muscle striated in appearance and archored by tendons to bone

2. Smooth muscle- involuntary muscle found in the walls of organs and structures such as esophagus, stomach, intestines, bronchi, uterus, urethra, etc. and is under control of the autonomic nervous system

3. Cardiac muscle- involuntary muscle that is striated, and found only in the heart.

Nervous Tissue

Consists of nerve cells called neuroglia, has properties of excitability and conductivity and functions to coordinate actions of the body.

Organs

comprised of multiple different tissues serving a common purpose or function. (ex brain, skin, heart)

System

A group of organs working together for a common purpose

cephalic

pertaining to the head: superior in position

caudal

pertaining to the tail: inferior in position

Ventral cavity (front side)

Cavity from the neck to the pelvis, contains the thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.

Pericardial cavity

Space containing the heart

Dorsal cavity (backside)

Contains the cranial cavity and spinal cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity

Combination of the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity and is split into 9 regions

4 quadrants of the Abdomen

RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ

RUQ contains

right lobe of the liver, gallbladder, part of the pancreas and part of the small and large intestines

RLQ contains

part of the small and large intestines, appendix, right ovary, right fallopian tube, right ureter

LUQ contains

left lobe of the liver, stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas and part of the small and large intestines

LLQ contains

part of the small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter

Trunk

another word for the torso

abdomin/o

abdomen

tars/o

ankle

brach/i, brachi/o

arm

poster/o

back

oste/o

bones

mamm/o, mast/o

breast

bucc/o

cheek

thorac/o

chest

aur/i, ot/o

ear

cubit/o, olecran/o

elbow

opthalm/o, ocul/o, opt/o

eye

dactyl/o

finger

pod/o

foot

gingiv/o

gums

chri/o

hands (manus)

isch/i

hip (ischium, coxa)

crur/o

leg

hepat/o

liver

or/o

mouth

muscul/o, my/o

muscles

umbilic/o, omphal/o

navel

cervic/o

neck

dent/i, dent/o

tooth

tempor/o

temples

femor/o

thigh bone

pharygn/o

throat

lingu/o, gloss/o

tongue

carp/o

wrist

adip/o

fat

andr/o

man

anter/o

toward the front

dist/o

away from the point of origin

dors/o

backward

filtrat/o

to strain through

fus/o

to pour

hist/o

tissue

kary/o

cell’s nucleus

medi/o

towards the middle

phen/o

to show

physi/o

nature

proxim/o

near the point of origin

somat/o

body

system/o

composite/whole

troph/o

nourishment, development

ventr/o

near or on the belly side of the body

viscer/o

body organs

horizont

horizon

intern

withiin

topic

place

ambilateral

pertaining to both sides

apex

pointed end of a cone shaped structure

chromo-

color

cytology

study of cells

ectomorph

slender physical body form

endomorph

round and physical body form

karyogenesis

formation of a cell’s nucleus

mesomorph

well-proportioned body form marked by pre-dominance of tissue derived from the mesoderm (the middle layer of cells in the developing embryo)

organic

pertaining to an organ or organs

perfusion

process of pouring through

protoplasm

essential matter inside a living cell

somatotrophic

pertaining to stimulation of body growth

topical

pertaining to a place, definite locale

vertex

top or highest point: top or crown of the head

visceral

pertaining to body organs enclosed within a cavity

therapeutic drug use

treatment to relieve symptoms or to sustain pt until other measures are instituted.

Diagnostic drug use

used in conjunction with radiology to allow a physician to pinpoint the location of a disease process

Curative drug use

remove the causative agent of a disease

Replacement drug use

used to “replace” substances normally found in the body

Preventative/Prophylactic use

Used to ward off or lessen the severity of disease.

Side effect

An undesirable action of a drug that may limit usefulness.

Adverse reaction

an unintended reaction of a drug at normal doses

Drug interaction

When one drug increases or diminishes the action of another