Psyc 1 test review

Structuralism

School of thought promoted by Wilheim Wundt; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

Functionalism

School of thought promoted by William James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavior process function, how they adapt, survive, and flurish.

Freudian

The ways the unconsios mind and childhood affect our behavior; how mental processes help adapt to their enviroment.

Psychology

the science of behavior and mental processes

Nature-Nurture

the longstanding contraversy over the relative contributions that genes and experinece make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.

Natural Selection

the principal that the inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a aparticulare enviroment will most likely be passed to the next generation

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Evolutionary psychology

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection

Behavior genetics

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and enviromental influences on behavior

Positive Psychology

the scientific study of human flourishing with the goals of discovering and promoting strenghts and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

Biopsychosial approach

an intergrated approach that incorporate biological psychological and social cultural levels of analysis

Influences of behavior or mental process

Biological Influences

Psychological Influences

Social Cultural Influences

Biological Influences

genetic predisposition

genetic mutations

natural selection

genes responding to the enviorment

Psychologist influences

learned fears

emotional responses

cognitive processing

Social cultural influences

presence of others

cultural societal and family expectations

peer and other group influences

compleling models

Counsling Psychologist

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living

Clinical Psychological

a branch of psycology that studoes assesses and treats people with psycological disorders

Psychiatrists

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders practiced by a physicians who provide medical treatments as well as psychologicla therapy.

Empirical Approach

Attempts to understand and explore without misleading or being mislead

Scientific Attitude

curiosity, skepticism, and humilty

2,500-500BC

Supernatural, magic, herbs, and reason approaches to illness

500-1450

Middle Ages; supernatural force influence health and illness

1500-1700

Renaissance and scientific discoveries suggesting biological factors influence health and illness

1879

Wundt develops first lab

1879

William James develops labs in harvard

1900

Freud publishes The interpretation of dreams

Wilhelm Wundt

Sought to measure “atoms of the mind”

Edward Titchener

Structuralism; technique of introspection to reveal structure of human mind

William James

Functionalism; how mental and behavioral processes function and enable adaptatio, survival, and flousrishing

Whiton Calkins

Pioneering memory researcher; first female president of the APA

Floy Washburn

First female with a PhD; synthesized animal behavior

Major Forces of 1920-1960

psychology is seen as a since

Copernicous, Darwin, and Freud

Behaviorism

Huministic Psycology

Culture

Shared Ideas and behaviors passed from one generation to the next

Gender

Socially and biologically defined

3 levels of Analysis

Biological

Psychological

Social cultural

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Psychology subfields

Basic research

Applied research

Professional

Hindsight Bias

I knew it all along phenomenon

Confirmation Bias

Tnedency to seek out favor recall interpret information that confirms beliefs and values

Overconfindence

Tendency to think we know more than we do

Percieving patterns in random events

Random sequence is unsettling; making sense create calm

Group identity and echo chamber of like minded

Groups and news that affirm our views are accepted; news sources that do not are demonized

Basic Research

Provides basis for theories principles that apply to various topics

Applied research

Attempts to adress practical everyday problems

Rationalism

rationalism is the knowledge that is derived from reason and logic

Empricism

other hand empiricism is the knowledge that is derived from experience and experimentation

Case Studies

Suggest fruitiful ideas for future research no generaliszations or universal thoughts

Naturalistic Observation

Oftern involves new technology does not control all factors descrobes and some times illuminates but does not explain behavior

Representative Sample

nest basis for generalizing; cannot be compensated for by simply adding more people

Correletation

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together

Correlation Coefficeient

A statistical index of the relationship between two things

does not

Correlation prove causation

Double blind procedure

when the partcipants and the research does not know who has the placebo and who does not

Placebo Affect

Experimental results cause by expectations alone

Neuron

Nerve cell building block of the nervous system

Neurotransmitters

chemical substance allowing communication between neurons

Cell body

Part of a neuron that contains the nucleus; cells life support center

Dendrites

Neurons often bushy branching extensions that recieve and integrate messages conducting impulses toward cell body

Axon

Neuron extension that passes messages through its branches

Myelin sheath

Fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one another

Glial cells

Cells in nervous system that support nourish and protect neurons may play a role in learning thinking and memory

Action potential

Neural impluses a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

Inhibitory versus excitatory signals

fire or not fire

Threshold

level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impluse

Refractory period

brief pause after neural firing

All or none response

firing or not princiople of neural firing

Acetylcholine

plays a role in learning and memory

messanger between motor neurons and skeletal muscle

Endorphins

Naturally occuring opiates produced in the brain

Agonists

molecules increase neurotransmitter action

Antagonist

molecules decrease neurotransmitter action

Serotonin

affects mood hunger, sleeps, and arousal

Norepinephrine

helps control alertness and arousal

GABA

A major inhibitory neurotransmitter

Glutamate

A major excitatory neurotransmitter

Glutamate

A major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory

Endorphins

neurotransmitters that influence the perception of pain or pleasure

Sensory neurons

carry incoming information from the bosys tissues and sensory receptor to the cns

Motor neurons

carry outgoing information from cns to muscles to glands

Interneurons

neurons within cns they communicate internally and process information between sensory inputs and motor outputs

Brain

Nueral networks

Spinal cord

Two way system of ascending and descending neural fibers

Endocrine System

Slow chemical communication system; set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Hypothalamus

brain region controlling pituitary

Thyroid

affects metabolism

Adrenal glands

inner part helps trigger fight or flight response

Testis

secretes male hromones

Pituitary glands

secretes many difficult hormones some of which affect other glands

Pancreas

regulates the level of sugar in the blood

Ovary

secretes female sex hormones

Feedback system

Brain→pituary→other glands→hormones→body and brain

EEG

Amplified recording of waves of electrical activity measure by electrose placed on the scalp

MEG

Brain imaging technique measuring magnetic fields natural electrical activity

MRI

Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer genereted images of soft tissue

fMRI

reveals bloodflow and therefore brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans

PET

Tracks where a temporarily radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain of the person given it performs a task

Hindbrain

Brainstem structures that direct essential survival functions(breathing, sleeping, atousal, coordination, and balance)

Midbrain

Sits atop brainstem and connects hindbrain with forebrain controls some movement and transmits some information enabling vision and hearing

Forebrain

Manages complex cognitive activities sensory and associative functions and voluntary motor activity

Older Brain Structures

Functions without any conscious efforts

Brainstem

Crossover point; connects spinal cord with cerebellum

Medulla

Brainstem base; heartbeat and breathing

part of comatose or brain-damaged patients brain that still functions

Part of the hindbrain

Pons

Sits above medulla; helps coordinate moovement and control sleep