Biology - Semester 1 EXAM STUDY GUIDE

Control

the part of the experiment that does not receive the independent variable - the normal or comparison condtion

Constants

parts of the experiment that are kept the same in every trial and for every test group

Dependent variable

the part of the experiment affected by the independent variable; what is measured in the experiment 

Independent variable

The variable that changes; whats different between each experiment

What are the 8 characteristics of life?

\- Has DNA

\- Responds to stimuli

\- Is made of cells

\- Reproduces

\- Grows and Develops

\- Uses energy

\- Maintains homeostasis

\- Adapts to environment

Define Prokaryotic

cells that do not have a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles

Define Eukaryptic

cell that have a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

Which kingdoms are Eukaryotic?

\- Protista

\-Fungi

\- Plantae

\- Animalia

What kingdoms are Prokaryotic?

\- Archaebacteria

\- Eubacteria

What is the difference between the terms unicellular and multicellular?

Unicellular - made up of one cell

Multicellular - made up of many cells

Which kingdoms contain organisms that are unicellular?

all archaebacteria and all eubacteria, most protists and most fungi

Which kingdoms contain organisms that are multicellular?

\- Plantae

\- Animalia

What is the difference between the terms autotrophic and heterotrophic?

Autotrophic - Organisms that make its own food by converting sunlight into chemical energy

Heterotrophic - Organisms that must get its energy from other organisms

Which kingdoms contain organisms that are autotrophic?

some bacteria, some protists, all plants

Which kingdoms contain organisms that are heterotrophic?

all animals, all fungi, some bacteria, some protists

Which kingdoms contain organisms with cell walls?

plants, fungi, bacteria

Which kingdom contains no organisms with cell walls?

animal, protists

What organelle is fond only in planes?

Chloroplast

List the levels of classification for living things in order from most inclusive to most specific

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Which organisms would be closely related?

Members of the same genus compared to members of the same Phylum.

Which level of classification contains the most organisms?

Domain and Kingdom

Which level of classification contains the fewest organisms?

Species

In which level of classification do organisms have the fewest characteristics in common?

Domain and Kingdom

In which level of classification do organisms have the most in common?

Species

Define species

The smallest recognizable group of individuals that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

What are the two parts of an organisms’ scientific name?

Genus and Species name

What is the scientific name of the blue whale in correct form?

*Balaenoptera musculus*

Define producer

organisms that produce food by converting energy from the sun into chemical energy

Define consumer

Organisms that must get their energy from other organisms

Define ecology

The study of interactions of organisms and their environment

Herbivore

consumers that eat producers

Omnivore

Consumers that eat producers and consumers

Decomposer

Consumers that eat dead organisms

What is another name for producers?

Autotrophs

What is another name for consumers?

Heterotrophs

Individual (organism)

One individual living thing

Population

A group of individuals of the same species that live together

Community

All of the populations of a species that live and interact in an area

Ecosystem

Made up of a community of organisms and the abotic environment of the community

Biome

Region where the climate may limit what can survive

Biosphere

The parts of the Earth where life exhists

Define abotic factors

The non-living factors in the environment

List 4 abotic factors

\- Water

\- Air

\- Rocks/soil

\- Sun

Define biotic factors

The living factors in the environment

What are density dependent factors?

They depend on population size, and occur when the population is “dense”.

\-Competition

\- Predation

\- Parasitism and disease

What are density independent factors?

They affect all populations the same regardless of size.

\- Natural disasters

\- Seasons

\- Human activities

Define logistic growth

happens when there are limiting factors that keep a population from growing exponentially 

Define exponential growth

happens when there are unlimited resources for a population

**Grass → Deer → Wolf**

If the number of deer increases in the food chain above, what will happen to the population of wolves?

The population of wolves will increase

**Grass → Deer → Wolf**

If the number of deer increases in the food chain above, what will happen to the population of grass?

The population of grass would decrease

**Grass → Deer → Wolf**

If the population of wolves decrease, what happens to the population of deer?

The population of deer will increase

Define carrying capacity

Maximum number of individuals an area can sustain

Predation

Dependent

Biotic

Drought

Independent

Abiotic

Hurricane

Independent

Abiotic

Competition

Dependent

Biotic

Disease

Dependent

Abiotic

Define predation

when one organisms  eats another organism for food

Define competition

when two or more organisms compete for resources

Define symbiosis

when two or more organisms  depend on one another for survival

What is considered the original source of energy in all living things?

Sunlight

What process converts light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose molecules?

Photosynthesis

What type of organisms do photosynthesis?

Producers/autotrophs/plants

What organelle preforms photosynthesis?

Chloroplast

What is the goal of photosynthesis?

to convert light energy into chemical energy stored in sugars (Glucose) 

Define reactants

Beginning substances, or substances to the left of a chemical equation

Define products

Resulting substances, or substances to the right of a chemical equation

Equation for photosynthesis

(Reactants) water + carbon dioxide + sunlight (energy) → (Products) glucose + oxygen 

What is the role of light in photosynthesis?

light is the energy source needed for photosynthesis

What pigment is responsible for absorbing the light for photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll

What color of light is absorbed the most by this pigment?

Blue

What color of light is reflected the most in this pigment?

Green

What color light yields the highest rate of photosynthesis? Why?

Blue, because it is the color of light that is absorbed the most

Which color yields the lowest rate of photosynthesis? Why?

Green, because it is the color of light that is absorbed the least

What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of matter?

the products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration and the products of cellular respiration are the reactants of photosynthesis

What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of energy?

photosynthesis converts sunlight into glucose, cellular respiration converts the energy stored in glucose into cellular energy ATP

What is the goal of cellular respiration?

To convert the chemical energy in glucose to ATP.

What types of organisms do cellular respiration?

all organisms do cellular respiration

What organelle preforms cellular respiration?

Mitocondria

Chemical equation for cellular respiration

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water \n       reactants products

What is the only energy source that can be used for cell work?

ATP

What is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?

aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more ATP; anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen and produces fewer ATP molecules

What form of carbon is put into the atmosphere as a product of cellular respiration?

Carbon Dioxide (gas)

What form of carbon is taken out of the atmosphere as a reactant of photosynthesis?

Carbon Dioxide

Photosynthesis produces what form of carbon as a product?

Glucose (sugar)

What is the role of decomposition?

breakdown matter and put nutrients back into the soil (cycling of matter)

What organisms are involved in decomposition?

all organisms - decomposers break down dead/decaying matter from other living organisms 

Define homeostasis

a steady or constant internal environment that is best for the cell

How do the actions of insulin and glucagon maintain homeostasis in the blood?

The body wants to maintain a constant amount of glucose in the blood. When the level of glucose becomes too high, insulin tells cells to absorb the excess glucose. When the blood glucose gets too low glucagon tells the liver to release glucose. These two hormones work together to maintain blood glucose levels.

What is the purpose of the cell membrane?

to regulate what enters and leaves the cell. it helps the cell maintain homeostasis 

Define permeable

A membrane that allows all substances to pass through

Define impermeable

A membrane that allows no substances to pass though

Define semi-permeable

A membrane that only allows certain substances to pass through

Define equilibrium

The point at which concentration is equal on both sides of the membrane

Define osmosis

Movement of water towards the highest concentration of solute

Define hypertonic

The higher concentration

Define hypotonic

The lower concentration

Define isotonic

Two equal solutions

Does osmosis require a protein?

1. yes, water cannot pass directly through the phospholipids so it must go through a channel protein

Does osmosis require energy?

Nope