___DNA_to_RNA_to_Proteins

DNA replication

The process of making an identical copy of DNA before cell division.

Transcription

The process of converting DNA to RNA.

Translation

The process of converting RNA to protein.

Genome

Complete set of genes or genetic material in an organism.

Chromosome

Individual segments of DNA that contain genes, like books in a book series.

Genotype

The genetic makeup; combination of alleles inherited from parents.

Phenotype

Observable traits or physical appearance of an organism.

Vertical Gene Transfer

The transfer of genetic information from parents to offspring.

Horizontal Gene Transfer

The transfer of genetic information between organisms within the same generation.

Leading strand

The strand of DNA that is synthesized continuously during replication.

Lagging strand

The strand of DNA synthesized in short sections called Okazaki fragments.

Base Pairing Rules

Rules determining how nucleotides pair in DNA and RNA.

RNA Polymerase

The enzyme responsible for synthesizing RNA by binding to the promoter.

Semi-Conservative Replication

Replication where each new DNA helix contains one old and one new strand.

Topoisomerase/Gyrase

Enzymes that unwind the DNA helix during replication.

Helicase

Enzyme that keeps DNA open for replication.

Ligase

Enzyme that seals gaps between Okazaki fragments.