Georgia Southern- GA History Legislative Exemption Exam

Appalachian Plateau

Smallest region, NW corner of the state. Flat and gently sloping

Appalachian Ridge and Valley Region

Rich soils, hardwoods, pastures

Blue Ridge Region

Rocky slopes, tallest mountains in the state

The Piedmont

foothills, rolling hills, Most Fertile, most populous

East Gulf Coastal Plain/Atlantic Coastal Plain

=Pine Barrens. Flat land, sandy soil. 60% of the state

Which Spanish explorer found disease, exposure and warfare?

Hernando de Soto

Which Native American tribes survived when the Spanish arrived?

Cherokee and Creek

What was the Santa Catalina de Guale?

a Mission in St. Catherine's

Who wrote the 1732 charter of GA?

Trustees of GA

What were the 3 primary reasons for the establishment of GA?

1. Philanthropic

2. Military (defense against spanish in FL)

3. Economic

What were the 3 strict rules for the colony?

1. Restrictions on Land Ownership

2. Prohibition

3. Prohibition of Slavery

Who made a settlement at Savannah?

James Oglethorpe

Who won the battle of bloody marsh?

1742, British victory over the Spanish

What was GA's government in 1752 as a Royal Colony?

bicameral- Upper House and House of Commons

Who was allowed to vote in 1752 in GA?

White males who owned over 50 acres of land

True/False- GA was the only one of the 13 colonies not represented in the 13th Congress

True

Last state to join the rebellion against GB?

GA

What was the first document of GA?

The Rules and Regulations

The 3 GA reps that signed the Declaration of Independence

Walton, Hall, Gwinnett

Who was the first Governor of Georgia?

John Adam Treutlen

Who was at the Constitutional Convention in 1789?

Baldwin and Few

GA was the first state to ratify the Constitution? True or False

True

In what year did Georgia become an independent state?

1783

In what year was the new GA constitution made?

1789

What was grown and developed in the Piedmont?

Tobacco

Yazoo Land Fraud

1795. an event where land companies bribed members of the Georgia General Assembly to sell 40 million acres of Georgia's Western lands to 4 companies. James Jackson nullified the sale and they were voted out of office.

Fletcher v. Peck

The decision stems from the Yazoo land cases, 1803, and upholds the sanctity of contracts. State could not nullify the act

GA's capital's in order

Savannah, Augusta, Louisville, Milledgeville, Atlanta

Who was the Troup Party led by?

William H. Crawford and George M. Troup

Who was the Clark party led by?

John Clark

Where was the Troup Party popular?

Settled areas, especially the lowcountry

Where was the Clark Party popular?

Newer areas of the state, specifically the upcountry

What were the Upper Creeks called?

The Red Sticks

Describe Creek War

Red Sticks wanted some of their land back, so they attacked the Lower Creeks and Fort Mims in 1813 and massacred 250 people.

Who led the force against the Upper Creeks (Red Sticks)?

Andrew Jackson along with Lower Creek and Cherokee

What Battle was a decisive victory over the Creek?

The Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814.

Treaty of Indian Springs

Treaty signed by William McIntosh that gave the remainder of Creek Land to Georgia; McIntosh was killed for this action

In what year was the final removal of the Creek from GA?

1826

The most advanced Native American group was the

Cherokee

What was discovered near Dahlonega that caused thousands of whites to rush into Cherokee territory?

Gold

Worcester v. Georgia

Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it

AKA Georgia's laws could not apply in Cherokee controlled lands

Treaty of New Echota

Signed by only 500 Cherokee Indians who were bribed saying that all 17,000 Cherokee's must leave within 2 years to go to land in Louisiana Territory. When majority refused they were forced to leave by the United States Army on the Trail of Tears.

How did Georgia distribute the rest of its land after the Yazoo Fraud?

Land lottery

With what two men, who represented the Creek Nation, did Georgia most often negotiate?

McIntosh and McGillivray

Year Macon was established

1823

Year Columbus was established

1828

Primary river of transportation in GA?

Savannah river

Georgia Railroad ran from...

Augusta to Athens

Central of Georgia (railroad) ran from...

Savannah to Macon

Western and Atlantic Railroad

ran from the Chattahoochee River to Terminus (now Atlanta) the main rail line for GA

Staple agriculture of the South

Rice, indigo, tobacco, and cotton

What were planters?

Large-scale farmers who held more than 20 slaves

middling planters

Owned between 5-10 slaves. 14% of the population

Yeoman farmers

Owned land but not wealthy. 75% of the population. may have owned 1-5 slaves, but most owned none. Produced for their family's needs and sold surplus to support their income.

Free Blacks

1% of the entire population. Not slaves but not completely free. Not citizens and could not vote or hold office. Most lived and worked in the countryside in the Upper South. 3500 in GA

The task system

Slaves were required to complete a certain number of tasks on any given day. Once they were done, they could help family or work on their own stuff. Allowed slaves greater autonomy.

Gang Labor

Plantations with 30 or more slaves. Sunup to sundown under the supervision of an overseer.

When did northern states begin the process of emancipation?

the 1790s

Compromise of 1850

Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 law that divided the Nebraska Territory into Kansas and Nebraska giving each territory the right to decide whether or not to allow slavery. Building of a transcontinental railroad

Original Republican Party

Was against slavery. Did not exist in the south

Dred Scott Decision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

a novel published by harriet beecher stowe in 1852 which portrayed slavery as brutal and immoral

John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry

(1859) John Brown led a raid on Harper's Ferry. He hoped to start a rebellion against slaveholders by arming enslaved African Americans. Brown was quickly defeated by citizens and federal troops. Brown became a villain to southerners who now thought northerners would use violence to end slavery as well as a martyr to some northerners who saw Brown as someone who sacrificed himself for the ideal of freedom for all.

Who did the National Democratic party nominate for president in 1860?

Stephen Douglas and Herschel V Johnson as VP

Who was elected governor of GA in 1857?

Joseph E. Brown

What order was GA in state secession?

5th

Confederate States of America (CSA)

confederation formed in 1861 by the Southern states after their secession from the Union

First and Only president of the Confederacy

Jefferson Davis

April 12, 1861

confederate forces attacked fort Sumter, beginning the civil war

Major forms of transportation during the Antebellum period?

Rivers, poor roads, savannah river

When was Fort Pulaski captured?

April 1862

Battle of Chickamauga

1863 Confederate army defeated the Union forces and forced the Union Army back into TN; Unable to halt the Union advance into GA led by General Sherman

When did the Union Army capture Atlanta?

September 1864. Significance- Atlanta was the hub of southern railroad system. Lincoln would be reelected President and the Union would continue the war

Sherman's March to the Sea

during the civil war, a devastating total war military campaign, led by union general William Sherman, that involved marching 60,000 union troops through Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah and destroying everything along there way.

What year did the Civil War end?

1865

Reconstruction lasted from...

The end of the war in 1865-1877

What amendment abolished slavery?

13th

The Freedmen's Bureau

aided former slaves through education, health care, and employment

Who did the General Assembly elect to the U.S. Senate after the Civil War and during reconstruction?

Alexander Stephens

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Tunis Campbell

prominent African American politician, fought for equality and justice. Organized an African American militia for protection from the KKK

Military Reconstruction Act

1867; divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the RIGHT TO VOTE in convention to write new state constitutions

Constitution of 1868

Included specific wording giving African Americans the Right to vote

What year were African Americans expelled from the Assembly because the Constitution didnt "explicitly" give them the right to hold office?

Sep 1868

Camilla Massacre

General election of 1868 where 9 black republicans were murdered. Returned GA back to reconstruction (March 1869)

What year was GA redeemed a second time and allowed back into the Union?

1871, by ratifying the 15th amendment

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

Tenant Farming

A system in which farm workers supply their own tools and rent farmland for cash

In what ways did GA serve the Confederacy?

Manpower, money, supplies, munitions, clothing

Which georgians commanded troops in the Confederacy?

Joseph Johnson and John Bell Hood

What groups made up the Republican Coalition?

African Americans, white businessmen

carpetbaggers, and small white farmers from northern mountain counties

Robert Toombs

A senator and extremist from Georgia who said that the South would never let the federal government be controlled by the Republican party and threatened secession.

Constitution of 1877 GA

Characterized by its extreme conservatism and its anti-industry/business restrictions

County Unit System

Voting method that gave rural (sparsely populated) areas more power in GA than larger urban counties; violated the 14th Amendment; made unconstitutional in 1962.

Henry Grady

Journalist from Georgia who coined the phrase "New South". Promoted his ideas through the Atlanta Constitution, as editor. He planned Atlanta's International Cotton Exposition

Crop Lien System

System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans.

Farmers' Alliance

A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy

Who was GA's candidate for governor in 1892 for the Populist Party?

William L. Peck

"Solid South"

Very conservative, Democratic run south