Immunology Lecture Review

Flashcards for reviewing key immunology concepts

Innate Immune System

The first line of defense; fast, non-specific, no memory.

Neutrophils

Rapid responders, phagocytose pathogens and die quickly.

Macrophages

Phagocytose pathogens, present antigens to adaptive cells, and release cytokines.

Dendritic Cells

Major antigen-presenting cells (APCs); bridge innate and adaptive immunity.

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Kill virus-infected and cancerous cells without needing prior sensitization.

Eosinophils & Basophils

Combat parasites and mediate allergic reactions.

Inflammatory Response

Triggered by injury or infection; involves vasodilation, increased permeability, leukocyte recruitment, and cytokine release.

Adaptive Immune System

Slower to respond initially; highly specific, includes memory.

B Cells

Produce antibodies.

T Cells

Cell-mediated immunity.

Helper T Cells (CD4⁺)

Activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells.

Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8⁺)

Kill infected or abnormal cells.

Humoral Response

Involves B cells; produces antibodies that neutralize or tag pathogens.

Cell-Mediated Response

Involves T cells, especially cytotoxic T cells; targets intracellular pathogens.

V(D)J Recombination

Genetic recombination in B and T cells that creates diverse antigen receptors.

Clonal Selection

Lymphocyte proliferation into a clone of effector and memory cells upon encountering its specific antigen.

Immunological Memory

Memory B and T cells persist after infection, enabling faster and stronger response upon re-exposure.

Vaccinations

Use attenuated or inactivated pathogens or antigens to train the immune system without causing disease.

Autoimmune Disorders

Immune system attacks self-tissues; examples include Type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus.

Allergies (Hypersensitivities)

Overreaction to harmless antigens (allergens); involves IgE antibodies, mast cells, and histamine release.