Studied by 13 people
patriotic nationalism
devoted love, support, and defense of one’s country
national loyalty
often confused w/ nationalism as a whole
linguistic nationalism
a group of people speak a common language, giving them a shared identity and feeling of belonging
quebecois in canada speak french
ethnic nationalism
identity w/ or membership in a particular racial, national, or cultural group and observance of that group’s customs, beliefs, and language
don’t need a country to have nationalism
cultural nationalism
has similar aspects to ethnic nationalism but is defined by the way of life that the people share
people in the country enjoy rodeos or farming
religious nationalism
people who identify w/ and feel a sense of belonging w/ people who share the same religious faith
geographic nationalism
people’s culture developing into different cultural, racial, and ethnic groups often because of geographical boundaries
relationship to the land nationalism
the characteristics of the physical surroundings often determine the development of nations
inuit people have a strong connection to their land from lack of wood and harsh weather conditions
spiritual nationalism
involves a place that ties to one’s religious faith
edmonton’s epcor site is a holy place for aboriginal people
politcial nationalism
the understanding of nations and the political control of them
sovereign
a politically independent country
the enlightenment
during the 18th century (1700’s!)
a movement of intellectuals who were greatly impressed w/ the accomplishments of the scientific revolution
advocated the application of the scientific method to the understanding of life
that reason was the primary source of legitimacy for authority and understanding
principals of the enlightenment
intellectual and philosophical developments that aspired towards more freedom for common people based on self-governance, natural rights and natural laws
central emphasis was placed on liberty, individual rights, and reason
a revolutionary departure from theocracy, autocracy, oligarchy, aristocracy, and the divine right of kings
divine right of kings
belief that the king was put there by god and had ruled by divine right
god put the world into motion
god put some people into positions of power
power was given by god
no one could question god or someone put into power by god
this was blasphemy since it meant you were questioning god by questioning a monarchy
path to enlightenment
the 1600’s witnessed a growing skepticism about religion and an increase in secularization of thought
travelers began to question their religion after the discovery of indigenous people in the new world presenting the image of a ‘natural man’ who was a lot happier
ideas of natural man
indigenous people lived a lot more simple lives
eurocentric ideas seemed alien to the people in the new world
didn’t understand their laws, customs, etc.
issac newton
believed the world and everything in it worked like a massive machine
his rules of reasoning allowed intellectuals to believe they could find the natural laws that governed politics, economics, justice, and religion
pushed the ideas of experimentation and science
the church was extremely upset by this
was the one who discovered gravity
thomas hobbes
believed that w/o laws, people’s lives would be “nasty, short, and brutish”
came up w/ a social contract where the people gave up their freedom to a leader and that leader would take care of them
supported the rule of an absolute monarchy
john locke
believed people had the right to overthrow their ruler if they weren’t righteous
also believed in nurture over nature, and natural rights to life, liberty, and property
like hobbes, he believed gov. was there to est. order in a society
montesquieu
1689 - 1755
came up w/ the three types of government republics, monarchies, and despotism
believed government should be split into three branches of legislature, executive, and judiciary that would provide a system of check and balance, making it so no one person holds all the power
volitaire
1694 - 1778
the only acceptable monarch in his eyes was an “enlightened monarch,” someone who didn’t let the power go the their head, protected their people, studied the science of gov., and was a good person
argued for religious toleration and freedom of speech
rousseau
1712 - 1778
believed humans were born good and society corrupted them, so they should return to living in nature/smaller towns
argued everyone should be equal and all titles of rank and nobility should be removed
people needed to enter a social contract w/ each other, not a ruler
physiocrats
a group of philosophers concerned primarily w/ how natural laws could explain economics
favored a free market economy where people could buy and sell w/o gov. intervention
laissez-fare
believed the state should not interrupt the free play of natural economic forces
had ideas of capitalism
impact of the enlightment
happened during the mid 18th century (1750’s)
ideas spread by the printing press, allowing common folk to learn these ideas
diderot
a successful spokesman of the enlightenment w/ his supervision of a huge encyclopedia summarizing the human knowledge of the time
hoped the encyclopedia would bring “a revolution in the minds of men to free them from prejudice”
ideas were shared among the new middle-class
voltaire, montsequieu, rousseau and others helped
enlightment ideas vs. monarchs
lots of european rulers were impressed by the ideas of the enlightenment
adopted some policies hoping to better the social and economic conditions of their countries, but also to centralize their power and maintain serfdom
the prussian king adopted these ideas while the french king went out of his way to stop the ideas from spreading
women’s contribution to the enlightenment
helped spread ideas of the enlightenment through having debates, discussions, and philosophers share ideas
these were held by wealthy women in france in salons or informal gatherings
old regime
a socio-political system that existed in most of europe during the 18th century
serfdom
a condition in medieval europe in which a tenant farmer was bound to a hereditary plot of land and to the will of his landlord
third-estate
varied from the poorest peasants to the richest bourgeoisie
were unprivileged and paid all the taxes
second-estate
included nobility like lords, barons, or anyone w/ a title
got all the good jobs and were able to go to school
didn't pay taxes and were treated well
first-estate
were high-ranking members of the major catholic churches
held lots of power and wealth
the king was above this estate
also didn’t pay taxes and were treated well
bourgeoisie
the rich members of the middle class in the third-estate
blasphemy
to insult the honor of god, either by attacking him directly or mocking him indirectly
what did kings do?
appointed nobles to be intendants to govern france’s 30 districts
intendants were like premiers
appointed people to collect taxes and carry out his laws
controlled justice by appointing judges
controlled the military
had the power to imprison anyone at any given time
lettres de cachet were warrants w/ ‘warrant’ written on them
imposed taxes and chose how the money would be spent
made all the laws
made decisions about war and peace
economic conditions under the old regime
france’s economy was based primarily on agriculture
poor harvest = peasants struggling to pay their taxes
main stressor of the french revolution
the bourgeoisie were upset by still having to pay taxes while the nobility didn’t, even if they were richer
was pre-industrial revolution
france is bankrupt!
around the 1760’s louis xvi and marie antoinette spent all their money on themselves, residences like versailles
lots of money was lost funding the seven years war and the americans during the american revolution
first and second-estate refused to start being taxed
deficit spending
a gov. spending more money that they’re receiving in tax revenues
the enlightenment and the french revolution
questioned the divine rights of kings
used secular thinking
began to ask if natural laws might also apply to humans
used reason and logic to determine how govs. are formed
tried to figure out what logical and rational principals work to tie people to their govs.
secular
the absence of religion
short term causes of the french revolution
bankruptcy from deficit spending and the assembly of notables voting against taxing nobles in 1787
the great fear of famine from impoverished peasants from the third estate seeking more fair treatment and privileges, and attacks on nobles throughout the country in 1789
the estates general set a series of events into motion that resulted in the abolition of the monarchy and a completely new socio-political system in france
the estates general was the french’s parliament
long term causes of the french revolution
socio-political issues w/ absolutism, the old regime, peasants not being able to pay their ever-increasing taxes, and spreading ideas of the enlightenment
cahiers
a traditional list of grievances written by the people
were commonly about evening out the tax burden and the high prices of bread
weren’t out of the ordinary and requested moderate changes
meeting of the estates-general
may 5, 1789
voting was conducted by the estates with each estate getting one vote
first-estate + second-estate vs. third-estate
representatives from the third-estate demanded voting was done by the population, giving the third-estate a massive advantage
the tennis court oath
the third-estate declared themselves the national assembly, showing they were serious
louis xvi responds by locking them out of the meeting
the third-estate relocates to a nearby tennis (squash) court to stay together to write a constitution for france
on june 23, 1789 louis svi requests the three estates to meet and to vote by population
the tennis court oath
the national assembly swore they wouldn’t leave until they finished the constitution
known as the fathers of france
everyone signed the constitution and it was sent to the king
the four phases of the french revolution
the national assembly (1789 - 1791)
the legislative assembly (1791 -1792)
the convention (1792 -1795)
the directory (1795 - 1799)
the national assembly
1789 - 1791
louis xvi didn’t want a written constitution
rumors that louis xvi planned to use military force against the national assembly on july 14, 1789, and stormed the bastille
bastille was gov. property
was a direct attack on the king by killing his soldiers and parading their heads on spears
the storming of the bastille
happened on july 14, 1789
parisians stole weapons from the bastille
organized their own gov. called the commune
factions or small groups fought to control paris
mentally ill and criminals were freed from jail
the tricolored flag was raised instead of the king’s
the flag france still uses to this day
uprisings throughout france caused
caused nobles to be attacked
records of feudal dues and owed taxes are destroyed
many nobles fled the country and became known as “emigres”
women attack versailles
the commune feared louis xvi would have foreign troops sent in to stop the rebellion
a group of woman attacked the versailles on oct. 5, 1789
forced the royal family to relocate to paris w/ the national assembly where they spent several years at tuleries palace on house arrest
changes under the national assembly
the abolishment of guilds and labor unions
were viewed as elitist
no more special privileges or titles
louis xvi is practically a figurehead now
the constitution of 1791 was created as well as the declaration of the rights of man
ideas of equality before the law (for men!)
nobles fled france and became known as ‘emigres’
reforms in local gov. so districts could now choose leaders
taxes levied based on the ability to pay
the declaration of rights of man
freedom of speech
freedom of religion
freedom of the press
guaranteed property rights
liberty, equality, and fraternity
right of the people to create laws
right to a fair trial
france was now a country of laws, not of a king
declaration of the rights of woman
women could now inherit property
divorce was made easier
journalist olympe de gouges and madame jeanne roland were massive advocators for women also benefiting from the governmental reforms
were granted these rights to weaken the church and feudalism rather than for liberation
the end of special privileges in france
the church’s land was seized, divided, and sold to peasants
the civil constitution of the clergy required that church officials were elected by the people and had salaries paid by the gov.
2/3 of church officials fled the country rather than swearing allegiance to this
all feudal dues and tithes were eradicated
all special privileges the first and second-estate received were abolished
reforms in france’s local gov.
the 30 provinces and their ‘petty tyrants’ or intendants were replaced w/ 83 new departments
were like provinces
were ruled by elected governors
new courts with judges elected by the people were est.
the constitution of 1791
the democratic features were france becoming a limited monarchy w/ louis xvi as just a head of state, laws being created by the legislative assembly w/ the middle class being able to vote, and feudalism being destroyed
the undemocratic features were voting was limited to taxpayers and offices were reserved for property owners
the legislative assembly
1791 - 1792
the royal family, church, and nobility wanted help from austria to return the old regime
church officials wanted church land, rights, and privileges back
devoted catholic peasants didn’t agree w/ the revolution
two political parties that represent different interests emerged as the girondists and the jacobins
the royal family tries to flee!
happened in june of 1791
tried to flee by taking the royal carriage w/ white horses
were quickly capture and put on trial for treason
girondists
were moderates who represented the rich middle class of the provinces
jacobins
represented the poorest of the poor and believed the revolution must continue and they were willing to kill anyone in the way
led by marat, danton, and robespierre
opposition to france’s new gov.
other european monarchs feared the revolution would spread to their own countries
invaded by prussia and austria
paris is taken over by the commune which was led by danton, a member of the jacobins
voters began to elect representatives for a new convention to write a republican constitution for france that didn’t include a king
republic
a gov. in which the people elect a representative who will create laws and rule on their behalf
the convention
met for the first time on sept. 22, 1792
1792 - 1795
est. the first french republic
the two political parties of the girondists and jacobins appeared
faced opposition from austria, england, holland, prussia sardinia, and spain who all invaded france
the abolishment of the monarchy
were abolished by the convention since as long as the royal family lived, the monarchy could be restored
marie antoinette and louis xvi were accused of treason for trying to flee france and bring austria’s military back
louis xvi was guillotined on jan. 21, 1793
marie antoinette was guillotined on oct. 16m, 1793
louis-charles was beaten and mistreated until he died in prison in 1795
marie-therese was sent to vienna in 1795 since she couldnt inherit the throne because of salic law
marat
was a member of the jacobins
his newspapers were like his personal hit list
spent most of his time in a medicinal bath from a skin condition he suffered from
was assassinated in his tub by charlotte corday who pretended to be a fan, but was actually a girondist sympathizer in july of 1793
the growing coalition against the french
french men were drafted into the army to defeat the foreign coalition by the convention
the military operations were supported since people didn’t want to go back to the old regime
troops were led by general carnot
rouget de lisle wrote the marseille that became the french national anthem and inspired troops going into battle
after two years, the coalition was defeated, and the french gained territory
the reign of terror
started on sept. 5, 1793 and ended on july 27, 1794
the convention faced domestic problems even though they were winning against the coalition
danton and the jacobins began to dominate french politics
the committee of public safety comes into power, led by danton and later robespierre
those accused of treason were tried by the committee’s revolutionary tribunal
approx. 15, 000 people were killed by the guillotine, giving it the name the ‘national razor’
artists, poets, academics, merchants, and nobles were all killed
innovative thinkers like olympe de gouges and madam jeanne roland were also killed
the reign of terror ends!
the girondists tried to stop what the jacobins started
danton wanted to end the executions which resulted in him being executed for treason
robespierre took over and continued the executions and he was blamed for them
eventually, everyone wanted to stop robespierre, he was accused of treason, tried to shoot himself, failed and shot his jaw, and then was guillotined along w/ other members of the committee of public safety, ending the reign of terror on july 28, 1795
the directory
the final gov.
made the third constitution over the past four years
was made up of a five-man directory and a two-house legislature
having five presidents was a terrible idea
suffered from a poor and corrupt administration
people grew poorer and more frustrated w/ their gov.
grew a sense of nationalism from military success
napoleon came into power through a coup d’etat
gov. under the directory
included the idea of checks and balances (montesquieu)
the executive was 5 directors appointed by the legislature
the legislature was split up into three parts:
the lower house w/ 500 members that proposed laws
the upper house w/ 250 members that voted on laws
2/3 of the legislature as members of the convention
the qualifications were that suffrage as well as the right to be in office requirement was that you needed to own property
girondists were back in charge
suffrage
the right to vote
changes in daily life
by 1799, the french revolution had dramatically changed france since the the feudal system was abolished, the monarchy was destroyed, and the church was under state control
the tricolor flag emerged
tithes were eliminated
elaborate fashion was replaced by practical clothes
a strong sense of nationalism and equality was created from being the first european country to overthrow their monarch
money was more important than a title
other reforms passed by the convention
adoption of the metric system
primogeniture, a system where the eldest son inherited everything was destroyed
comprehensive laws were made
debit imprisonment was ended
slavery in france’s colonies ended
est. a nationwide public education system that was no longer run by the church
eliminated any local language that wasn’t french
causes of the french revolution
social inequality from the unequal treatment of the third-estate w/ heavy taxation poverty
financial crisis from wars, extravagant spending by the monarchy
enlightenment ideas promoting liberty, equality, and fraternity that inspired the call for change
food shortages from poor harvests and high food taxes among peasants that led to widespread suffering
political injustice from a weak and inept monarchy, corruption, and a lack of representation for the people in the gov. that fueled resentment
effects of the french revolution
the end of the monarchy est. the first french republic
the reign of terror causing a mass of executions and political purges from the radical rise of the jacobins
napoleon rose to power to spread revolutionary ideals and to implement legal reforms
the spread of revolutionary ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity had a lasting impact on france
napoleonic wars that reshaped the map of europe
modern political concepts were developed such as institutions, nationalism, secularism, and citizenship
arab spring
began in the winter of 2010/spring of 2011 and is still happening in libya and syria
protests for pro-democracy in north africa and the middle east against their dictatorial regimes that had ruled for years
how did the arab spring begin?
began in tunisia when 26 year old mahamed bouazizi set himself on fire in desperation after a policewoman took away his unlicensed vegetable cart on dec. 17, 2010
the president pretending to care was what really fired up the protestors
self-immolation
when someone sets themself on fire
usually as a form of radical political protest or for the purpose of martyrdom or suicide
tunisia and the arab spring
was ruled by president zine al-abidine ben ali for 24 years
is now in exile
resigned in jan. of 2011 after weeks of protests against poverty, injustice, greed of the political elite, and corruption
where the arab spring began
is still a functioning democracy
around 300 people died during the protest
egypt and arab spring
was ruled by president hosni mabarak for 30 years
left office after 18 days of protests in the capital of cairo against poverty, rising prices, social exclusion, personal enrichment among the political elite, and anger at corruption
the military has been running the country since they wanted to keep the gov. secular and to not fall into the hands of the muslim brotherhood political party
libya and the arab springs
led by colonel muammar gaddafi for 40 years
was killed on oct. 31 w/ the help of nato after an 8 month-long full-scale civil war
caused a refugee disaster from all the bombing
the national transitional council that led the revolt is the recognized legitimate ruling body
syria and the arab springs
ruled by bashar al-assad who inherited power from his father in 2000
protestors fighting for political freedom, end to corruption, action on poverty, and the end to the emergency law of 1963
gov. claims the protestors are ‘terrorists and armed gangs’
the us and eu have imposed sanctions, but the conflict hasn’t ended
since mar. of 2011, at least 5, 00 syrians have died according to the un
the military has both bombed and gassed cities rebelling against him
is allies w/ russia
theocracy
a gov. dominated by religion
reflection of the arab spring
wanted different leaders, progression, no secret police, financial stability, and freedom of speech and the press
social media allowed them to share their ideas and evidence both locally and nationally
dictators couldn’t shut down social media, satellite television, and the internet
napoleon bibliography
was born on the french island of corsico on aug. 15, 1769
was technically italinan since corsico was part of italy
was part of the lower second-estate
didn’t receive any formal education until going to military school
napoleon and the french revolution
joint the jacobins in 1789
was promoted the brigadier general in 1793 after winning a battle against the british garrison at toulon
this made him a mild celebrity when he came back
became the commander of the french army in italy and gains lots of territory
italians recognize him as their leader
was a propaganda darling for the french revolution
josephine de beauhamais
married napoleon in 1796
she was 32, he was 26
was a political move since she was rich
fueled his career
she had two teenage children
was a widow
divorced in 1809 since she didn’t produce any heirs for napoleon
napoleon and egypt
led a series of battles against a colony under british control
won several battles but british admiral horatio nelson destroyed his fleet at the battle of the nile
napoleon ditched his army but returned to france a hero
the suez canal hadn’t been built yet, but still a major shipping route
napoleon becomes ruler!
inpsired by supporters in paris, napoleon led a coup d'état to overthrow the directory
helped est. the french consulate in its place
consul was an old roman term
became the first consul and his rule over france began
napoleon now runnin’ the country
immediately launched a military campaign against members of the second coalition
austria, great britain, naples, the ottoman empire, portugal, and russia
were trying to put a bourbon back on the throne
the victory strengthen napoleon’s stance in france politically and w/ the people he ruled
napoleon becomes emperor
became the emperor of france in 1804
a catholic bishop tried to crown him but napoleon put the crown on his own head
his second wife was crowned empress
crowned his brother king of spain
declared himself king of italy in 1805
what did napoleon do for the country?
stabilized the country
fixed roads, people were paid
created a civil law book called the ‘napoleonic code’ in 1804
nations under his control were formed w/ the idea of rule of law
had control over a major part of continental europe
forced austria to sign the treaty of pressburg and leave the third coalition
marie lousie
napoleon’s second wife
was the 19 year old archdutchess of austria
had one child named napoleon francis joseph charles in 1811
was given the title of king of rome when he was born
the beginning of napoleon’s end
the first sign of decline was the pennisular war from 1808 to 1814
brought 500, 000 men to invade russia in 1812
attacked russia for trading w/ britian after promising not to
russia used the scorched earth technique to deeply devastate napoleon’s army
excepted there stores to be filled w/ food, supplies, and shelter when they reached moscow but it was just charred earth
80% causalitites
lost against the fourth coalition in leipzig and returned to france after refusing peace
coalition troops march into paris on apr. 11, 1814
napoleon is abducted and put on exile on the island of elba off the coast of italy
scorched earth
a military strategy that involves destroying everything that allows an enemy to be able to fight a war, including water, food, and any kind of tools and infrastructure
napoleons is exiled, escapes, and then get exiled again
while the congress of vienna was est. borders of europe he escapes elba, landed on cannes, and then made a break for france
entered france on mar. 20, 1815 and started his campaign known as ‘the hundred days’ to try and regain his position in france
lost the battle in waterloo
was banished to the island of saint helena south off the atlanic sea
he died there on may 5, 1821
the division of american colonists
by 1776, american colonists were divided into three groups
patriots - supported separation from britian (40%0
loyalists - wanted to remain british colonies (20%)
lots of loyalists came to canada to stay under british rule
were a part of england’s church
neutral - were undecided on which side to choose (40%)
how’d the american revolution start?
england defeats france in 7 years war (1754 - 1763)
have to pay taxes and have no members of the colonies in parliament
‘taxation w/o representation’
inspired by the enlightenment
montesquieu’s separation of power or checks and balances
thomas paine’s ‘common sense’ inspiring colonial independence
proclamation of 1763 split up colonists, indigenous people, and french catholics
the second continental congress
formed in july of 1776 w/ a number of american patriots
the colonies of quebec and nova scotia were invited but declined
was a 5-man committee to draft a declaration of independence
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