Education

Zemstva

Provided an opportunity for change in the control and funding of education in Russia.

Alexander Golovnin

Minister for education from 1862 to 1867 who allowed universities to govern themselves.

Self-governance

The ability of universities to manage their own affairs and appoint staff.

Education responsibility transfer

Shifted from the Russian Orthodox Church to the government.

Modern schools

Established secondary education options for students not wanting classical education.

Access to education (1870)

Schools were opened to all regardless of class and sex, allowing women to attend secondary schools.

Radical thinkers

Increased number of militants and radical thinkers emerged due to the independence given to universities.

Censorship reform (1858-1870)

Initial relaxation of press censorship allowing more publications and editorial comments.

Publication growth

Increase in published books and journals, from 1,020 in 1855 to 10,691 by 1894.

Government control reassertion

Reintroduction of tighter government control following the growth of critical writing.