Communication for Various Purposes in Public Speaking

Non-Verbal Communication

Use of body language, gestures, facial expressions, and other non-verbal cues to convey a message.

Body Language

Speaker's body movements.

Non-Verbal Communication

Use of body language, gestures, facial expressions, and other non-verbal cues to convey a message.

Body Language

Speaker's body movements.

Eye Contact

Detect how confident the speaker is.

Public Speaking

The process or act of performing a presentation focused on an individual directly speaking to a live audience in a structured, deliberate manner to inform, influence, or entertain them.

Facial Expressions

Express emotion through face.

Gestures

Movement of hand and any other parts that carry meaning.

Material

The subject that the speaker explores or discusses during their presentation or speech; it is the central idea or theme.

Message

The main points to the central idea that the speaker wants to convey to the audience; it serves as a guide for all other elements.

Methods of Delivery

The style of delivery; the way in which a speaker presents their speech or presentation to the audience.

Manuscript

Reads their speech word-for-word from a prepared script.

Memorized

Memorizes their entire speech and delivers it from memory without notes or prompts.

Impromptu

Without any prior preparation or planning.

Extemporaneous

Prepared and planned, but not read word-for-word from a script.

Manners in Speech

The way in which a speaker uses their voice and language to communicate their message effectively to the audience.

Good Posture

The position of the body; it shows confidence and elicits a positive impression from the audience.

Clothing and Appearance

Influence the audience's perception of the speaker and the message being conveyed.

Vocal Elements

Characteristics of the voice that affect communication.

Pitch

The highness or lowness of the voice.

Volume

The loudness or softness of the voice.

Rate

The speed at which the speaker speaks.

Tone

The quality of the speaker's voice, such as the level of friendliness, confidence, or authority.

Articulation

The clarity and distinctness of speech.

Pauses

Deliberate breaks in speech for effect or emphasis.

Articulation

the clarity and distinctness.

Pauses

the intentional breaks.

Pronunciation

the correct way of saying words, including the accent, syllable stress, and intonation.

Proxemics

The space and distance between the speaker and the audience. It is an invisible wall that defines how comfortable the speaker is at a distance from the people they are talking to.

Boredom or disinterest

Lousy handshake.

Secretiveness and dishonesty

Touching nose while speaking; tugging ear while speaking; rubbing behind ear while speaking; covering mouth while speaking; scratching head.

Colors

reflect people's personality and reveal character.

Red

most dynamic and passion color that symbolizes love, rage, and courage.

Yellow

It is a truly joyous and radiant color. The happiest of the colors.

Orange

an optimistic color. It helps you look at the bright side of life despite difficulties.

Green

color of spring which represents growth and renewal. It is a color that resonates energy and positivity.

Blue

color of depth, stability, and independence. This is best for studying and working because it helps in relaxing and stimulating the mind.

Purple

It combines stability of blue and energy of red. It is associated with royalty. It symbolizes power, nobility, luxury, and ambition. It conveys wealth and extravagance.

White

It suggests goodness, purity, and innocence.

Black

a mysterious color because it can have different interpretations. It can mean power, elegance, formality, death, evil, or grief.

Audience Analysis

a process of looking into the behavior, values, beliefs, or even the culture of the audience. This is done so the speaker will know what and what not to say, how to say it, and when to say it.

Touch

physical contact. It can be interpreted differently in various cultures. It is used to communicate love, care, or comfort.

Impromptu Speech

to be done without being planned, organized, or rehearsed.

Characteristics of an impromptu speech

Limited to no preparation time (three minutes or less); Short presentation time (two to seven minutes); Points are organized spontaneously; Has a more conversational and informal tone; Relies on research, clear organization, and practiced delivery; Speech is delivered spontaneously, using only an outline or notes.

To Inform (Exposition)

to explain the context

Past, Present, Future

organizes ideas into three parts: past, present, and future. It involves reflecting on the past related to the topic, describing the current situation in the present, and sharing thoughts or predictions for the future.

To Entertain

about making the speech pleasant to listen to from beginning to end.

To Persuade

making a clear point, providing a reason, giving an example or explanation, and then restating the point to summarize the key ideas.

Point-Reason-Example/Explanation-Point (Prep)

making a clear point, providing a reason, giving an example or explanation, and then restating the point to summarize the key ideas.

Pathos

an emotional appeal.

Ethos

In rhetoric, ethos can be understood as the audience's perception of the speaker's ethical character.

Opening, Rule of Three, Clincher

It starts with a strong opening, followed by three supporting details or information, and ends with a clincher that leaves a lasting impression.

Logos

the use of reasoned arguments to convince an audience.

Bridging

building a connection between what the speaker do not know and what they know. It is a technique used to transition smoothly from one topic or question to another.

Reframing

The speaker takes a statement or question and rephrases it in a way that shifts the focus or changes the perspective on the topic.

Playing The Devil's Advocate

Taking a position that is contrary to one's own opinion or beliefs to stimulate critical thinking, or challenge assumptions.

Extemporaneous Speech

without a prepared script or memorized content. Instead, the speaker relies on notes, outlines, or mental preparation to organize their ideas and key points.

Characteristics of an extemporaneous speech

Flexible and adaptable.

Annotated Research Bibliography

a list of sources that have been researched by an individual or group for a specific purpose, with annotations or brief descriptions accompanying each source.

Annotations

Provide a summary of the source's content.

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

A five-step process to engage an audience: (1) Grab attention, (2) Establish need, (3) Present solutions, (4) Help visualize benefits, (5) Call for action.

Thesis Statement

The main point or central argument of the speech, expressing the speaker's stand on the issue and supported by convincing evidence.

Outline

A condensed version of a text in a linear, structured format that organizes main topics, sub-topics, and supporting details.

Workplace Communication

The exchange of information, ideas, opinions, feedback, and instructions among individuals and teams within an organization.

Effective Workplace Communication

Important for achieving organizational goals, building strong relationships among employees, and ensuring a positive work environment.

A.F.O.R.E.S.T.

A technique for speech writing that includes anecdotes, facts and figures, opinion, rhetorical questions, emotive language, superlatives, and tripling.

Problem-Solution

Identify the problem and provide a solution showing its practicality.

Problem-Cause-Solution

Identify the problem, analyze the causes, and provide a solution to the problem.

Comparative Advantages

Identify the problem and present at least two solutions to the problem.

Task Roles

Roles that help the team carry out tasks and get the work done.

Relationship Roles

Roles that strengthen or maintain team relationships.

Self-Centered Roles

Roles that interfere with the team's ability to complete tasks.

Diversity in the Workplace

Differences in gender, ethnicity, language, beliefs, and other attributes within a workforce.

Organizational Culture

The way an organization operates, the attitudes employees have, and the overall tone and approach to operations.

Shared Leadership

The distribution of leadership responsibilities within a team that can influence the functionality of its members.

Team Building

The process of creating a cohesive team that works well together.

Principles of Workplace Communication

Includes being diverse, purposeful, and straightforward.

Diverse Communication

Emerges due to globalization and includes cross-cultural or multilingual communication.

Straightforward Communication

Presents facts and information honestly and directly.

Authoritative

The ability to command, done to exude credibility in relaying information.

Upward communication

Communication from subordinates to their superiors.

Lateral communication (Horizontal)

Communication between people of equal level or status, typically within the same division or department.

Downward communication

Communication from superiors to their subordinates.

Outward communication

Communication intended for workers outside the workplace.

Business letters

Written communications typically sent between individuals, organizations, or companies in a business context, used to convey information, make requests, provide updates, and exchange ideas in a formal manner.

Technical writing

A form of professional writing that aims to communicate technical information using specialized terminology, graphics, and tools.

Letter of Inquiry

Also known as a letter of interest, it is written to ask for specific information regarding a particular subject matter.

Letter of Claim

Used in legal matters to assert wrongdoings, notifying the responsible party and demanding a response.

Adjustment Letter

A response to a letter of claim, addressing the claimant's statements, whether the claims are welcomed or not.

Letter of Request

Reports situations that demand actions and decisions to be acted upon.

Memorandum

A written message serving as a reminder, relaying information to many readers at the same time.

Instruction Memo

Directives that organization members need to follow.

Request Memo

A request for the provision of facilities and services.

Announcement Memo

Notice of an important event in the organization.

Transmittal Memo

Notice that officially announces the release of a report.

Authorization Memo

Grants permission for the undertaking of an operation in the organization.

Accurate

It deals with facts that are completely true, using words, sentences, numbers, or figures that exactly express the intended message.

Clear

Be able to easily understand the main message or point of the written work.

Formal

Follow the prescribed writing standards which include structure, pattern, format, and language.

Graphical

Tables, charts, figures, diagrams, and other illustrations that support the written information provided in technical writing.

Practical

Be practical in the way that it functions according to its purpose.

Procedural

Forms of technical writing that provide sets of instructions, such as user manuals and laboratory reports.