ehap unit 3 flashcards

boyars

boyars

• russian nobility

• SIGNIFICANT as they originally helped muscovite princes consolidate power over other principalities post-mongols/under ivan iii

role of orthodox church in russia

• used to legitimize moscow’s autonomy

  • religious successor from byzantine empire as guardians of orthodox christianity

• SIGNIFICANT as it consolidated power under tsar

  • power was seen as coming from god

  • allowed tsars to be much more absolutist much faster

ivan iv (the terrible)

• declared himself tsar of all russia

  • first to use “tsar“ title

• persecuted those he thought were opposing him

  • quelled boyar power

  • created new power system made up of thousands of men → rewarded them with land for loyalty

• tied serfs to land even more and bound urban residents to their cities

• SIGNIFICANT as his restrictions checked growth of middle class and put russia behind compared to europe proper

• SIGNIFICANT as he ended mongol power in russia and set up its beginnings as a multiethnic empire

cossacks

• peasants/serfs who survived the persecution and fled to the east and south to escape landlords who raised prices

• term for free warrior groups

• SIGNIFICANT as the fleeing of serfs led to decline in russian growth, esp in middle class

russian territorial expansions

• conquered muslim khanates of kazan and astrakhan

  • gained fertile volga river region

• not as good as expanding west

  • tried to secure livonia → wanted warm water port in baltic sea

  • led to war with sweden and lithuania

• cossacks helped conquer siberia

  • didn’t initially impose orthodoxy b/c it was so far

  • usually just bought loyalty of local elites with land

• SIGNIFICANT as it led to increased multiethnicity, consolidated power under tsar, and increased resources and territory

time of troubles

• breakdown of dynastic succession following death of ivan iv + famine = chaos and death of 1/3 of populations

• civil war, cossack uprising, and various contenders for throne

• SIGNIFICANT as it allowed for polish-lithuanian armies to occupy moscow

  • threats made nobles pull it together and elect Michael Romanov as tsar (ivan’s grandnephew)

  • presented as an act of god to ensure the religious legitimancy

• SIGNIFICANT as it led to Romanov tsardom

  • increased territorial expansion and state building

    • land west of ukraine and to siberia

    • got down to sea of okhotsk and was checked by Qing dynasty

    • strict control of trade and admin through extending serfdom and landlord’s powers

    • crushed rebellions with ease

peter the great

• SIGNIFICANT as he successfully created the russian fiscal military state

  • used ivan’s service obligations and territorial expansion

• extended russia to the black sea and baltic sea (warm water ports!)

• westernized russia → tech, urban planning, shaving beards, western clothes, and co-mingling/love marriages -? new class of westernized nobles

• fought great northern war

  • founded academies of sciences to produce technicians for war

  • increased commoner’s service reqs → standing army, construction labor, factories

• SIGNIFICANT as he made russiaa the dominant baltic power and a great european power

• reforms were unpopular

  • nobles hated unigeniture -? land can only be inherited by one son, not split or given to daughters

  • serfdom increased

westernization

• followed peter’s 1697 tour of western capitals and the great northern war

• part of russian modernization

• tech, urban planning, shaving beards, western clothes, and co-mingling/love marriages

  • new class of westernized nobility

• SIGNIFICANT as it brought russia closer to europe → led way for enlightenment under catherine the great

great northern war

• russia allied with denmark and polish-lithuanian commonwealt against sweden

• FOR ACCESS TO THE BALTIC SEA

• sweden under charles xii quickly defeated denmark and stopped russian siege of the swedish fort of narva

  • sweden had a very well trained, professional army

• led to educational, military, and service reforms, aas well as taxes in russia

• 1709 → russia beat sweden in poltava'

• 1721 → russia beat sweden and gained control of estonia and latvia

• SIGNIFICANT as russia became dominant baltic power and a european great power

st. petersburg

• SIGNIFICANT as it was a giant wealth tax on rich and nobility

• peter the great ordered construction of huge western-style capital overlooking the baltic

• peasants were ordered to build it

  • 25000 to 40000 each summer

  • many died from hunger, sickness, and accidents

• nobles were forced to populate it by building expensive palaces there

  • merchants and artisans were required to settle there too

table of ranks

• classification of russian military, naval, and civil services into 14 grades

• based on promotion system and ability instead of birth statya

• introduced by peter the great during great northern war

• SIGNIFICANT as it made govt and army stronger

• SIGNIFICANT as it increased social mobility

sultan

• ruler of ottoman empire

• owned all agricultural land and was served by the bureaucracy

• cultural and religious patrons and leaders

devshirme

• enslaved christian boys from balkan regions of ottoman empire

• practice was initiated as muslim law forbids from enslaving other muslims

• trained as soldiers and administrators

  • top ranks became part of bureaucracy, got wealth and power

  • lower ranks became janissaries

• SIGNIFICANT as they provided a significant military advantage against western europeans

janissary corps

• lower ranks from devshirme who became soldiers in sultan’s army

• SIGNIFICANT as they provided a significant military advantage against western europeans

• became so prestigious in first half of the 1600s that it became a volunteer army for both christians and muslims

millet system

• SIGNIFICANT as it created a bond between the ottoman ruling class and religious leaders by giving relative autonomy to religious minorities in exchange for loyalty and administrative duties

• division of religious communities → each one is a millet

  • got some religious and social autonomy

  • each collected taxes for the state, maintained courts/schools/houses of worships/hospitals, and regulated behaviors

suleiman i (the magnificent)

• Broke ottoman rules of only having one heir with concubines to reduce royal infighting → married and had several children with his wife

• SIGNIFICANT as this decision set a precedent for imperial women to have more power → increased imperial household

• SIGNIFICANT as this decentralized power → imperial to even more bureaucratic

hurrem

• enslaved concubine from Polish-lithuanian commonwealth who rose to power after marrying suleiman I

  • unprecedented marriage defying role of concubine

  • had several children

• very influential over sultan and over politics/diplomacy

  • sent letters and gifts to foreign leaders

  • write letters to suleiman discussing politics

  • sultanate of women

• had many public works → mosque, schools, hospitals, fountains, baths, and soup kitchens

• SIGNIFICANT due to political influence, defiance of tradition, and beginning of decentralization due to her children

ottoman crisis late 16th/early 17th century

• inexperienced sultans who faced revolts

• economic issues → loss of overland trade = inflation and shrinking population

• failed to adopt new military technology

• SIGNIFICANT as it led to their power in europe/military strength weakening and the start of their decline

siege of vienna

• conflict between ottomans and HRE emperor Leopold I

• ottoman defeat due to help from poland

• SIGNIFICANT as it marked the beginning of the end of ottoman strength in eastern europe

constitutionalism

• limitation of government by law

• SIGNIFICANT as it ensures balance between govt power and rights of the people

• SIGNIFICANT as it was an alternate to absolutism → england and polish=lithuanian commonwealth

republicanism

• form of govt with no monarch

• power is in people through elected representatives

• SIGNIFICANT as it was an alternate form of govt → dutch republic experienced a golden age

constitutional monarchy

• monarchy has legal limitations

• used in england and polish-lithuanian commonwealth

• SIGNIFICANT as it led to rights of people being protected and checked royal authority

polish-lithuanian commonwealth

• kingdom of poland and grand duchy of lithuania → two separate kingdoms ruled by one monarchy due to marriage

• formally joined by union of lublin in 1569

  • placed constitutional limits on monarchy

  • monarchy was elected instead of hereditary

• majority catholic state that became more diverse due to compact of warsaw

• fell under russian influence due to declining political stability

• SIGNIFICANT as it was one of the earliest constitutional monarchies in europe

sejm

• noble-dominated parliament decreeed by union of lublin

  • senate appointed by king and an elected chamber of deputies

• SIGNIFICANT as they elected the king

compact of warsaw

• decree of religious freedom to ALL non-catholics to appease religious minorities over the election of a uber-catholic/protestant-massacring king

• led to increased jewish, muslim, protestant, and orthodox populations

  • largest jewish population of the time → 10% of population

• SIGNIFICANT as it made the commonwelath the most ethnically and religiously diverse state in europe

james i

• scottish successor to elizabeth I

  • son of mary, queen of scots

• super into divine right of kings

  • told house of commons that there;s nothing that can stand against the divinely-appointed king

  • SIGNIFICANT for his absolutism

charles i

• james i’s son

• exacerbated religious issues by marrying a french catholic princess & supporting the archbishop of canterbury, william laud

• also absolutist, refused to call parliament for 11 years

  • financed govt through egregious temporary taxes

• faced rebellion from scottish calvinsists and ireland

  • forced to summon parliament to get an army,

  • they did not raise an army, just impeached his fav bishop and said he needed to call them every 3 years

• fought his parliament with his own, non-parliament army

  • got beheaded for high treason

• SIGNIFICANT as he showed england and europe that not even the king was above laws like he has proclaimed → killed for treason/breaking the law

puritans

• people who wanted to purify the anglican church of catholic elements

• SIGNIFICANT as they hated fun and imposed that in their govts (cromwell)

rebellions in scotland & ireland

• scottish calvinists rebelled against charles i’s more catholic religious practices

• catholic gentry of ireland rebelled due to england exploitation/landlords and a fear of anti-catholic invasion

• charles i had no army and could deal with neither, so he fought a civil war with parliament instead

gentry

• middle class people → under nobility but above peasantry

english civil war

• power of king charles i against parliament, led by oliver cromwell

• three years of fighting, ended in 1645 with the battles of naseby and langport

• cromwell’s forces capture charles, and he is executed for high treason

• SIGNIFICANT as it ended monarchy for a bit in exchange for republicanism and dictatorship

• SIGNIFICANT as it emphasized power of parliament over monarchy

oliver cromwell

• devout puritan, part of the house of commons, led parliament’s new model army against charles i

• head of the protectorate/military dictator of england

  • state forbade sports, theatre, and censored press

• allowed religious toleration for all but catholics

  • welcomed jews back into england for financial and trade experience

• reconquered ireland

  • very brutal → massacre at drogheda garrison

  • banned catholicism, executed priests, and confiscated land for settlers

• adopted mercantilism

  • small war with dutch over trade with colonies

  • good for commerce

• SIGNIFICANT for vital role in civil war and leadership of the protectorate

petition of right

• english constitutional document outlining individual protections

  • similar to american bill of rights

• SIGNIFICANT for its attempt to safeguard and outline individual rights

• SIGNIFICANT as it took more power away from monarchy

thomas hobbes

• english philosopher who said that all humans are inherently bad/desire power and wealth, and when left ungoverned, would do anything to get it

• proposed the social contract where everyone placed themselves under a sovereign to maintain order and peace

  • society cannot rebel against the king

• SIGNIFICANT for his ideas about human nature and defense of wide-ranging power of government

  • founder of modern political philosophy

protectorate

• name of cromwell’s commonwealth/republican govt

• theoretically, power was with the parliament → but it was controlled by military, who were controlled by cromwell

  • military dictatorship

• lots of censorship and puritan values in govt

• collapsed after cromwell’s death

charles ii

• eldest son of charles i, restored to monarchy after the collapse of the protectorate

• entered a secret treaty with louis xiv

  • charles needed more income than what parliament gave him → louis gave him money in exchange for the re-catholicism of england

  • led to spread of anti-catholic sentiment

test act

• act denying those outside of the anglican church from holding public positions or gathering

• later broken by james ii

james ii

• catholic brother of charles ii

• went against test act and appointed catholics to public positions

• opposed by many in parliament and church of england → led to his replacement by william and mary

• SIGNIFICANT as he worsened religious tensions

• SIGNIFICANT the end of his rule meant a decrease in powers of the crown and into a more constitutional monarhcy

glorious revolution

• replacement of james ii on the throne with his daughter,, mary, and her husband, william of orange

• enacted due to fears around james’ re-catholicization of england

• considered peaceful transfer of power, but actually started many riots in the colonies and in scotland and ireland

• SIGNIFICANT as it permanently established parliament as the head power in england, as well as solidified constitutional monarchy in england

william and mary

• protestant royals (daughter of english james ii and son of the dutch house of orange) who took over the english throne at parliaments behest

• accepted bill of rights

  • SIGNIFICANT as this decreased power of monarchy/made it permanently constitutional

bill of rights

• informal constitution holding rights and rules in response to the stuart dynasty’s absolutism

• SIGNIFICANT as it established power of parliament, laws for different religions → protestants can bear arms but catholics can’t

john locke

• political philosopher who said that the government’s primary function was ensuring the natural rights of its subjects → life, liberty, and property

  • if the govt was bad, he advocated for rebellion

• SIGNIFICANT for his later influence on enlightenment thinkers

staadholder

• executive officer of each province who carried our ceremonial functions and military defense when needed

• usually a member of the house of orange

  • suspected by other houses of monarchial ambitions

• SIGNIFICANT as it was an early example of a republic in europe

economic prosperity in dutch netherlands

• dominated shipping by pouring money from fishing into shipbuilding

  • low shipping rates and lots of ships = win out over foreign comp

• brought the highest standard of life to the dutch republic

  • had very few food riots

• SIGNIFICANT as it propped up their political stability and ensured comfort in the lives of their citizens

religious toleration in dutch netherlands

• relatively accepted jews into both business and general culture

• pretty chill with catholics and accepted huguenots

• SIGNIFICANT as it helps increase their foreign investment and brought in skilled workers