Module 4

What is the basic function of the visual orthographic analysis?

Identifies letters and codes letter position

Which tests are used to determine performance of visual orthographic analysis?

Cross-case matching
Same different word or non-word matching

Wha is the cross-case matching test?

Identify the capital letter that matches the small letter

What is the same different word or non-word matching test?

Do the two words (non-words) have the same letters in them?

What is the function of the orthographic input lexicon?

Store of written familiar words

What tests are used to determine performance of the orthographic input lexicon?

Written lexical decision
Read aloud exception words
Understand written words (define, match to picture)

What is the written lexical decision test?

Is the word shown a real word?

What is the read aloud exception words test?

Read aloud the words shown

What is the understand written words test?

Three pictures are shown of different things

A sentence will ask the patient to identify one of these pictures (e.g., Point to the picture of a goat)

What is the function of the semantic system?

Store of word meanings (semantic memory)

What tests are used to determine the performance of the semantic system?

Match pictures and written words
Name to written definition
Define to written name
Written synonym judgement
Associates of written words

What is the match pictures and written words test?

Which picture matches the word 'spider'?

What is the name to written definition test?

Write down the name of the animal known as the king of the jungle

Tell me the name of the animal known as the king of the jungle

What is the definition to written name test?

Please write down the meaning of the word chair

Tell me what is meant by the word chair

What is the written synonym judgement test?

Read the two words below and tell me if they have the same meaning

What is the associates of written words test?

Point to the picture that is commonly associated with the target word (e.g., Point to the picture that goes with the word mop)

What is the phonological output lexicon?

Store of spoken familiar words

What tests are used to determine the performance of the phonological output lexicon?

Spoken name matching to written definition

Spontaneous speech

What is the spoken name to written definition test?

Write down the name of the animal known as the king of the jungle

Eequires the patient to verbalise a response

What is the spontaneous speech test?

Tell me what you did yesterday

What is the purpose of the phonological output buffer?

Temporary store of speech sounds to be uttered

What are the tests used to determine the performance of the phonological output buffer?

Spontaneous speech (unaffected by syllable length)

Spoken naming to written definition (unaffected by syllable length)

What is the spontaneous speech (unaffected by syllable length) test?

Tell me what you did yesterday

What is the spoken naming to written definition (unaffected by syllable length) test?

Name the animal known as the king of the jungle

Name the animal that is grey and has large ears and trunk

What is the purpose of the phoneme-grapheme buffer?

Translates sounds into spellings (sounds to letters)

What tests are used to determine the performance of the phoneme-grapheme conversion?

Write exception words as they sound

What is the write exception words as they sound test?

Please write each word out as they sound

What is the function of grapheme-phoneme conversion?

Translates letters into sounds

What tests are used to determine the performance of the grapheme-phoneme conversion?

Read aloud nonwords
Decide if a printed nonwords sounds like a real word

What is the read-aloud nonwords test?

Please read aloud these nonsense words

What is the decide if a printed nonword sounds like a real word test?

Point to the nonsense word that sounds like a real word

What is the primary function of the orthographic output lexicon?

The store of spelling for familiar words

What tests are used to determine the performance of the orthographic output lexicon?

Written naming to written definition

What is the written naming to written definition test?

Write down the name of the animal known as the king of the jungle

What is the primary function of the orthographic output buffer?

The temporary store of graphemes (letters) to be written

What tests are used to determine the performance of the orthographic output buffer?

Written naming to written definition (unaffected by letter length)

Spontaneous text writing (unaffected by letter length)

Patients with damage to the visual orthographic system fail what tests?

All tasks that use written words or letters as stimuli

Tests that use auditory stimulus presentation would be passed

Patients with damage to the visual orthographic system are limited how?

They cannot extract letter or word information from print

Patients with damage to the orthographic input lexicon fail what tests?

All tests that use written words
Tests using auditory stimuli would be passed

Patients with damage to the orthographic input lexicon are limited how?

Cannot recognise between words and nonwords

Patients with damage to the grapheme-phoneme conversion fail which test?

Read aloud nonwords
Decide if a printed nonwords sounds like a real word

Patients with damage to the grapheme-phoneme conversion are limited how?

Poor performance on printed nonword tasks

Tests using auditory presented stimuli would be passed

Patients with damage to the semantic system would fail what tests?

Define, match to picture
Match pictures and written words
Name to written definition
Define to written name
Written synonym judgement
Associates of written words
Spoken naming to written definition
Written naming to written definition

Patients with damage to the semantic system are limited how?

Fail to tap into the meaning or relationships between concepts regardless of modality

Tests that do not assess meaning or associations would be passed

Patients with damage to the phonological output lexicon would fail what tests?

Same/different word or nonword matching
Read aloud exception words
Decide if a printed nonword sounds like a real word
Name to written definition
Define to written definition
Spoken naming to written definition
Spontaneous speech
Write exception words as they sound

Patients with damage to the phonological output lexicon are limited how?

Patients fail all tests that use spoken output to provide information and answers

Tests that require a written response or pointing would be passed

Patients with damage to the orthographic output lexicon will fail what tests?

Name to written definition
Definition to written name
Written naming to written definition
Spontaneous text writing

Patients with damage to the orthographic output lexicon are limited how?

Patients fail all written output

Patients with damage to the phonological output buffer are limited how?

Patients have more problems with longer spoken words than short words

Tests that require written or pointing responses would be passed

Patients with damage to the phoneme-grapheme conversion fail what tests?

Write exception words as they sound

Patients with damage to the phoneme-grapheme conversion are limited how?

Patients have trouble converting sounds to letters

Patients with damage to the orthographic output buffer fail what tests?

Write exception words as they sound
Written naming to written definition
Spontaneous text writing
Name to written definition
Definition to written name
Written name to written definition

Patients with damage to the orthographic output buffer will be limited how?

Patients will have difficulty writing longer words, and perform better writing short words

Patients with damage to the semantic system for ONLY living things fail what tests?

All tests that asses the meaning and relationships of concepts for living things regardless of modality

Patient JH

Right handed physician
Multilingual: French, Arabic, English
Suffered left Ischemic cerebral vascular sylvain stroke following triple aorta-coronary-by-pass
Had previous unsuccessful treatment programs

Patient JH Presenting Symptoms

Right hemianopsia (loss of visual field in right eye)
Right brachio-facial hemiparesis (weakness on right face/arm)
Receptive and expressive aphasia (problems understanding/producing speech)
Deep Dyslexia: semantic, visual, morphological errors

Assessment of Peripheral Processes

Pass:
Matching identical word
letter identification among visually/auditorily similar
Letter denomination
Word and nonword repetition
Unexpected delay task of repetition of words

Assessment of Phonological Route (Grapheme-Phoneme Conversion)

Pass: Letter reading (but had to go through entire alphabet out loud until got to correct one)
Fail: Phoneme reading and identification

Assessment of Lexical Route (Orthographic Input Lexicon Pathway)

Fails:
Reading words aloud (31% correct)
Reading nonwords (4% correct - only ones that were homophones of real words)

Assessing Linguistic Variables

Word length effect (better at shorter words)
No word frequency effect
Orthographic complexity (better at irregular words)
Concrete vs abstract (concrete better)

Assessing Phonological Input Lexicon

Pass:
Auditory lexical decision task

Assessing Orthographic Input Lexicon

Fail: Visual lexical decision
Pass: Irregular words but letters switched around (point to errors)

Assessing Semantic System (Picture Tasks)

Pass:
Odd item tasks
Written-word picture matching
Semantic relation between pic and word
Picture-word matching

Assessing Semantic System (Written Tasks)

Fail:
Odd items
Semantic matching

Assessing Phonological Output Lexicon

Pass:
Picture naming
Semantic association
Fail:
Homophones
Word designation

Patient JH Rehabilitation Program

Five weekly sessions training blocks of words
Words written on one side of card, word and picture on other side
Invited to construct mental association between picture and word

Rehabilitation Pre-Test

140 concrete words presented > read 34 (24%) correct
No frequency effect
50 words badly read were used in training program

Rehabilitation Post-Test

84/140 (60%) correct
Trained words 90% correct
Originally spoken correct words 85% correct
Control performance same
No transfer of training to other words

Control Tasks

Token test (aphasia test) - give verbal command and patient gestures understanding
Semantic fluency task - give category and have to name as many items as can
Phonological fluency task - give letter ad have to produce as many words starting with it as can

Rehabilition Follow-Up

8 months later
Read 260 words (140 old words)
55% correct of original 140
84% correct on trained words
25% non trained words
62% original control words

Conclusion

Training lexical route
Doesn’t allow effects to generalise to learning new words
Increased motivation to continue reading
Could have future training of phonological path

Dyslexia

Reading problems
Acquired (from injury/damage)
Developmental (fail to meet age relevant standards)

Early cases of Dyslexia

Dejerine (1891)
Patient A: Infarction in left parietal lobe -> dyslexia and dysgraphia
Patient B: Dissociation between reading and writing (can write but cannot read it back)

Peripheral Dyslexia

Affects early stages of model (Identifying letters and their placements)
Neglect Dyslexia
Pure Alexia
Letter Position Dyslexia
Attentional Dyslexia

Central Dyslexia

Affects deeper processes (Grapheme-phoneme conversion, Orthographic input lex, semantics)
Surface Dyslexia
Phonological Dyslexia
Direct-Route Dyslexia
Deep Dyslexia

Neglect Dyslexia

Doesn't read left/right side of page or word
Fail to identify portion of word/page/text
Will say an incorrect but similar word with error always on same side (eg. Book -> Boot)
Deficit in Visual Orthographic Analysis

Pure Alexia

Letter-by-letter reading
Reads words aloud, saying one letter at a time
Can: write and spell, Identify letters
Well documented brain damage areas

Brain Damage Area for Pure Alexia

Inferior Portions of occipital lobe bordering temporal lobe in left hemisphere + damage to corpus callosum (Well studied and IDed)
Left Occipital damage = cannot see right visual field
Left Hem = speech centres to say word
Damage to corpus callosum = cannot translate info to left hem
Say words aloud to auditorily put into left hem

Letter Position Dyslexia

Letter transposition errors -> swapping letters to make different word (Broad -> Board)
Tend to be in middle of words
More evidence in other languages (Hebrew) that have more words using same letters in different orders
Deficit: Visual Orthographic Analysis

Attentional Dyslexia

Narrowing attention issue (visual specification of word at visual orthographic analysis level)
Cannot read words when shown in paragraphs/sentences
Between-word letter migration errors (eg. win fed -> fin fed)
Damage: Posterior left hem and subcortical structures

Surface Dyslexia

Problems reading irregularly pronounced words (make regularisation errors)
Issue: Orthographic input lexicon and connections to semantic system/phonological output lexicon

Phonological Dyslexia

Problem reading new words/nonwords
Cannot translate letters into their sounds
Problem with Grapheme-phoneme conversion and its connections from visual orthographic analysis/to phonological output buffer
More problems with nonwords that need graphemic parsing (multiple letters for single sound)
Better reading nonwords when they sound like read words (pseudo-homophones)

Direct-Route Dyslexia

Doesn't know meaning of word but can still read regular words
Issue: Semantic system
Also known as lexical-nonsemantic reading

Deep Dyslexia

Semantic errors (say a word that is semantically related)
Visual errors (Say words visually similar to target)
Visual-then-semantic error ('Sympathy' -> misread as 'Symphony' -> say 'Orchestra')
Morphological (Affix/Suffix errors: eg. Edition -> Editor, Courage -> Courageous)
Poor non-word reading
Imageability effects (better reading concrete words)
Content words easier than function words
Function word substitutions (tend to say another, incorrect, function word)

Left Hemisphere Account of Deep Dyslexia

Reading model occurs in left hemisphere. For all the errors of Deep Dyslexia, damage to LH would need to include damaging: Grapheme-phoneme conversion (cant read nonwords), semantic system (semantic errors), orthographic input lex (visual errors), connection from orthographic input lex to phonological output lex (poor reading/function word errors), connection from semantic system to phonological output lex (understanding word but semantic error reading) + damage to syntactic system processes (morphological errors)

Right Hemisphere Account of Deep Dyslexia

Left Hem damage (orthographic input lex) leads to use of limited right hem reading system
Deep dyslexia = reading performance when you have to use right hem
Reading process: Right orthographic input lex -> right semantic rep -> left phonological output lex (to say aloud)

Deep Dyslexia Brain Regions

Widespread damage to left hem
Coltheart (2000):
Orthographic processing -> left occipital and occipitotemporal regions
Semantic processing -> Border between left superior and middle temporal gyrus (BA21 and BA22)
phonological output -> Left hem frontal operculum

Treatment: Pure Alexia

Multiple oral reading (repeatedly reading aloud) -> generalisation effects to other words, improve connection from visual orthographic analysis to orthographic input lex)
Implicit tasks -> repeated visual lexical decision tasks

Treatment: Attentional Dyslexia

Cardboard window to only see one word at a time
Finger tracking underneath word

Treatment: Letter-Position Dyslexia

Finger tracking underneath word

Treatment: Neglect Dyslexia

Finger tracking
Colour coding left most letter
Flashing light to left of word
Tapping to left
Placing hash sign to left of word
Vertical presentation of word

Treatment: Surface Dyslexia

Presenting irregular word along with mnemonic aid (eg. matching picture)
Repeated exposure to written word and its pronunciation
Sentence completion task (Select correct word to complete sentence)

Treatment: Direct Dyslexia

No successful treatments

Treatment: Phonological Dyslexia

Training Grapheme-phoneme conversion (letter-sound correspondences)
Learn: associate letters with word, sound out single letters.
Tapping technique: tap and drag finger while sounding out letters/words
Improve parsing: present nonwords and patient circles graphemes

Treatment: Deep Dyslexia

Training Grapheme-phoneme conversion (letter-sound correspondences)
Learn: associate letters with word, sound out single letters.
Tapping technique: tap and drag finger while sounding out letters/words
Improve parsing: present nonwords and patient circles graphemes

Parallel Distributed Processing Model

memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections

Three types of processes

Orthography (recognise text)
Semantic (access meanings)
Phonology (speech)

Connectionism Dual-Process Plus Model (CDP+)

Comprised of orthographic and phonological stages of processing
Reading models have evolved to clarify the specific mechanisms involved at each level of processing within these stages

As models of word recognition develop they are:

Becoming more specified with how exactly the model works/how it explains reading

Dual Route Cascade Model of Reading

Visual Feature Units
Letter Units
Orthographic Lexicon
Semantic System
Phonological Lexicon
Phoneme System
Grapheme-Phoneme Rule System