X-ray Processing

Latent Image

Formed by ionization of exposed silver bromide crystals.

Silver - Bromine

Xray strikes film → ______ ions form and _______ is absorbed by gelatin.

Electron Traps

Emulsion also includes specs of?

Silver Ions

Cannot be seen until altered chemically in developing and fixing.

Developer

First solution in which film is placed (basic solution).

Negatively Charged

Is developer positively or negatively charged.

Bromide

(Developer) Remove _______ in the gelatin.

Metallic Silver

(Developer) Precipitating in?

Black Metallic Silver

(Developer) Positively charged _____ ________ ______ ions = attracted by (-) developer.

Darker

(Developer) The ______ the image (radiolucent) = more silver ions.

Water

______ must be the same temp as the solutions.

10-15

Wash for how many seconds (range)?

Gelatin

When removed from developer: _______ emulsion is soft and swollen.

Fixer

When removed from developer: contains chemicals that can damage _____ solution.

Water

Stops the development reaction and reduces alkalinity.

No

Is silver halide water soluble?

Fixing

Acidic solution, removes unexposed silver bromide crystals, reharden emulsion.

Fixing

Must be submerged twice the duration of the developing time.

Potassium Alum

Fixing contains _________ ____, which hardens gelatin covering and makes it scratch and abrasion resistant.

Discolor

Underfixed films will ________ after a few months.

Final Wash

Remove residual fixer chemicals.

Brown

Without proper washing, films can turn _____ due to residual fixer chems.

Reticulations

Unequal swelling and shrinking of emulsion layer due to more than 15 degree difference in water, developer, and fixer.

Drying

Hanging on the rack, fans or heating apparatus.

Developer

Soapy feel due to alkalinity.

Fixer

Vinegary odor and acid taste.

Developing

X

Fixer

2X

Washing

3X

Radiolucent

Materials with less density = more xray penetrations = more ___________.

Radiopaque

Materials with more less density = more less penetrations = more ___________.

Hydroquinone

Controls contrast. Reduces exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver.

Elon/Metol

Controls detail and speed. Reduces exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver.

Sodium Carbonate/Na2CO3

(Developer) Alkanizer and accelerator; softens the gelatin so the chemicals can penetrate

Potassium Bromide

(Developer) Restrainer. Prevent development of unexposed silver halide crystals (reduces fog).

Sodium Sulfite

(Developer) Preservative. Prevents oxidation of the developing agents.

Water

(Developer) Solvent. Dissolves all the other chemicals and serves as the medium for the reaction. Soften gelatin.

Sodium Thiosulfate

Fixing/clearing agent. Dissolves and removes unexposed silver halide crystals.

Acetic Acid

(Fixer) Acidifier, alum reacts better to acidic mediums. Neutralizes any remaining alkaline developer and stops further development.

Potassium Alum

(Fixer) Hardening Agent. Hardens and shrinks the gelatin in the emulsion.

Sodium Sulfite

(Fixer) Preservative. Prevents decomposition of the thiosulfate and maintains chemical strength.

Water

(Fixer) Solvent. Dissolves the chemicals and serves as the medium for the reaction.

Hardener

Added to developer and fixer.

Self-developing Film

Film that contains both the film and the developing and fixing chemicals inside a light-proof packet.

Self-developing Film

Faster but low image quality film.

20-24 C

Dark room temperature range.