pediatrics reveiw flashcardd

Which developmental milestone is expected to occur by approximately 6months of age?

Sitting up with minimal support and good head control

The nurse notes that a child is 'egocentric' and uses 'magical thinking.' According to Piaget, which stage of cognitive development is this child likely in?

The preoperational stage (roughly 2−7years)

What is the primary psychosocial task for a school-age child according to Erikson?

Industry vs. Inferiority (developing self-worth through accomplishments and mastering new skills)

The 'serve and return' interaction is critical for which aspect of infant development?

Brain architecture and neuroplasticity

In the 'Identity vs. Role Confusion' stage, which interaction is most important for adolescents?

Peer interaction and social identity

The nurse is using a doll to show a preschooler how an IV is inserted. This technique is known as:

Medical play

Which developmental group often requires 'noticing' statements as a form of social reward? Acknowledging positive behaviors ('I noticed you put your toys away')

Toddlers and Preschoolers

Infant vision in the first few weeks of life is best at a distance of:

8-12 inches

Which symptom is more characteristic of bacterial gastroenteritis than viral gastroenteritis in pediatric patients?

High fevers and bloody bowel movements

What common side effect or complication is associated with the R5 live attenuated Rotavirus vaccine?

Intussusception

When monitoring an infant for Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC), which clinical sign would be considered a significant symptom?

Feeding intolerance, such as emesis.

Which condition is a known risk factor for an infant to develop Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)?

Infants born ≤35 weeks. Prematurity is a leading risk factor due to an immature gut and immune system.

An infant's kidneys are estimated to have what percentage of adult capacity for sodium excretion?

10%

Which type of dehydration occurs when sodium loss is greater than water loss, causing an osmotic shift from the extracellular fluid (ECF) to the intracellular fluid (ICF)?

Hypotonic dehydration

A child presents with sunken fontanelles, a capillary refill time (CRT) of >3 seconds, and sticky mucous membranes. What is the most likely severity of their dehydration?

Moderate (6−9%)

In the management of mild-to-moderate dehydration, what is the recommended volume of Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) for the initial replacement phase?

50−100 mL/kg over 2−4 hours

What is the physiological basis for using a 1:1 proportion of sodium to glucose in oral rehydration solutions?

It activates the SGLT-1 transporter to increase sodium and passive water reabsorption.

According to the TFI (Total Fluid Intake) calculation rules, what is the daily fluid requirement for an infant weighing between 5 and 10 kg?

100 mL/kg

By what age does the source material suggest an infant may respond to a smile with their own facial expression?

4 weeks

Which clinical manifestation is a characteristic 'Red Flag' of moderate dehydration in a pediatric patient?

A capillary refill time (CRT) of greater than 3 seconds

When replacing 'ongoing losses' in a child with gastroenteritis, how much ORS should be given for each episode of emesis And diarrheal stool?

2 mL/kg for emesis and 10 mL/kg for each diarrheal stool.

How should a nurse approach the 'initial rehydration phase' for a child with moderate dehydration?

Provide 50 to 100 mL/kg of ORS over 2to 4 hours

For a patient on the 'SINC protocol' due to Necrotizing Enterocolitis, which lab abnormality must the nurse monitor for closely?

Thrombocytopenia (NEC and sepsis are frequently associated with low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia), which increases bleeding risk.)

By which age is it expected that an infant will regularly 'smile back' at a caregiver?

2-4 months

What is the primary cause of hypotonic dehydration in children?

Loss of sodium from the ECF leading to an osmotic shift into the ICF

Which factor is a primary risk contributor to Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) in the neonatal period?

Mechanical ventilation

A 2-year-old patient with pneumonia has a heart rate of 160 bpm, a respiratory rate of 35 br/min, and a CRT of 3 seconds. What is the most appropriate interpretation of these vital signs?

The child is showing signs of compensated physiological stress.

You are told to run maintenance fluids, what is the calculation for this

• First 10 kg: 100 mL/kg/day

• Next 10 kg: 50 mL/kg/day

• Remaining kg: 20 mL/kg/day

A 3-year-old, 14 kg patient is ordered Ketorolac 7 mg IV. The monograph recommends 0.5 mg/kg/dose. How many mL should be drawn from a 10 mg/mLvial?

0.7 mL

For a neonate or newborn under 2 months of age, what is the standard daily fluid requirement calculation?

150 mL/kg (Newborns have higher fluid needs per kilogram due to their unique body composition and higher metabolic demands.)

what is the standard daily fluid requirement calculation For infants 5-10kg

100ml/kg

In a child with severe dehydration, why is a blood pH of 7.10 particularly concerning?

It indicates a state of metabolic acidosis resulting from poor tissue perfusion.