PROCEDURES SPECTS

How many lobes does the right lung have?

3

Which lung has 3 lobes?

Right

Aspiration is more likely to occur in which lung and why?

Right because it is wider, more vertical, and shorter

The level of trachea bifurcation is called the

carina

Which structure is located in front of the vertebrae and behind the nose and mouth?

• Thyroid Cartilage

• Carina

• Larynx

• Pharynx

Pharynx

T/F: 2 separate images may be taken for a chest x-ray. one on inspiration and one on expiration

True

What are the reasons for taking 2 chest images, one on inspiration and one on expiration?

• demonstrates pneumothorax

• see diaphragm movement

• see foreign bodies

• atelectasis

Define atelectasis

collapsed lung

Define pneumothorax

free air in the lungs

Where do you center for a PA chest?

Inferior angle of the scapula (T7)

Why do we want a patient standing for a chest x-ray? (2 reasons)

1. shows air-fluid levels

2. allows the diaphragm to reach its lowest position

What are the angles at the bottom of the lungs called?

costophrenic angles

T/F: you can do a PA axial lordotic

False (AP axial only)

How far out is the patient from the bucky in an AP axial lordotic position

about 1 foot

How many inches of light are required above the shoulders when doing an AP axial lordotic?

3 inches

Where do you center for an AP axial lordotic?

3-4 inches below the jugular notch at T7 (inferior angle of the scapula)

What is the goal of an AP axial lordotic?

to create a 15-20 degree angle to project the clavicles above the apecies of the lungs

How many degrees should the patient be arched for an AP axial lordotic?

15-20 degrees

How will the ribs appear on a lordotic?

flat and horizontal

What are the 4 body habitus?

1. Hypersthenic

2. Sthenic

3. Hposthenic

4. Asthenic

Which body habitus is higher and more horizontal?

hypersthenic

Which body habitus tends to look more narrow and lower

asthenic

To demonstrate fluid, what side should the patient be laying on

the affected side

What side should be marked on a lateral decub?

the side that is up

To demonstrate free air, what side should teh patient lay on?

the unaffected side

How do you find T7 from the front of the patient

3-4 inches below the jugular notch

If a patient has a pleural effusion in the left lung, which decubitus position should you put them in?

left lateral decub

How long does the patient have to be in the lateral decub position before the exposure is made?

5 min

T/F: the body needs to be elevated for a lateral decub

True

What is the position?

Right lateral decub

What side of the body is the stomach on?

left

Which two of the following are retroperitoneum?

• rectum

• kidneys

• urinary bladder

• pancreas

• ovaries

• spleen

kidneys and pancreas

Hypersthenic makes up what percentage of the population?

5%

Asthenic makes up what percentage of the population?

10%

Hyposthenic makes up what percentage of the population?

35%

The thoracic cavity is bounded together by bony walls comprised of what bones?

sternum and ribs

What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

the diaphragm

What is known as the muscle of respiration

Diaphragm

As you inhale, what happens to the diaphragm?

it goes down

What separates the pleural cavities?

mediastinum

Which of the following are not found in the mediastinum?

• heart

• trachea

• thyroid

• esophagus

thyroid

What is the area called where structures pass through the diaphram?

esophageal hiatus

What are the 3 chambers of the thoracic cavity?

1. pericardial

2. left pleural

3. right pleural

What is the area called where the diaphragm and ribs meet?

costophrenic angle

What is know as the common passageway for food and air?

pharynx

A 16-20 C-shaped cartilaginous ring refers to what part of the respiratory system?

trachea

T/F: the trachea is always open

True

What is the hook like process on the last tracheal cartilage known as?

carina

What vertebral level does bifurcation occur?

T4 or T5

T/F: the trachea is anterior to the esophagus

True

If a patient is aspirating, what should you do?

roll the patient onto their left side

What is the smallest division of the bronchi?

bronchioles

List the subdivisions of the bronchial tree

• primary bronchi

• secondary bronchi

• tertiary

• bronchioles

• terminal bronchioles

What is known as the functional unit of the lungs (parenchyma)?

Aveoli

What occurs at the alveoli?

deoxygenated blood turn to oxygenated blood through diffusion

The double membrane sack containing the lungs is known as the

pleural space

The outer lining that adheres to the respiratory cavity is called the

parietal

the inner lining adhered to the lungs is called the

visceral

Which lung has a cardiac notch on it?

left lung

The tongue-like process that sits below the cardiac notch is known as

lingula

How many fissures does the left lung have and what is it called?

1 - oblique fissue

How many fissures does the right lung have and what is it called?

2 - horizontal and oblique

what is known as the organ of respiration?

lungs

What is the most superior portion of the lungs called?

apex

What is the most inferior portion of the lungs called?

base

What is the opening on the medial border of the lungs where bronchi and great vessels enter or exit called?

hilum

T/F: lungs are a part of the mediastein?

False

T/F: the heart is anterior to the esophagus

True

Why is the right lung shorter than the left?

due to the liver

What is the method name for a lateral C-spine?

Grandy

What is the SID for a lateral c-spine?

72

T/F: the 1st apop joint can’t be seen on a lateral c-spine

Truen(must do the open mouth odontoid)

If the open mouth odontoid is done correctly, what should you see?

the denz in the shadow of the foramen magnum

What is the SID for an AP axial c-spine?

72 in

Where do you center for an AP axial c-spine?

thyroid cartilage (C4-C5)

How and where is the CR directed for an AP axial oblique c-spine?

15-20 degrees cephalic to the thyroid cartilage

How much is the patient obliqued for an AP axial c-spine

45-degrees

What side does and LPO oblique c-spine show?

right side

A fracture of C6-C7 is called what?

clay shovlers

How much is the patient obliqued for an AP oblique t-spine?

70 degrees

T/F: time indicators should always be used when images are taken at specifically timed intervals

True

T/F: a minimum of two projections 90-degrees from one another must always be taken

True

For proper visualization of joints, a minimum of how many views are required?

3 (AP, PA, lateral, and oblique)

Label the landmarks:

C1

C2-C3

C3-C4

C5

C7-T1

T1

T2-T3

T4-T5

T7

T9-T10

L2-L3

L4-L5

S1-S2

Coccyx

C1: mastoid tip

C2-C3: gonion

C3-C4: hyoid

C5: thyroid cartilage

C7-T1: vertebral prominence

T1: 2 in above the jugular notch

T2-T3: jugular notch

T4-T5: sternal angle

T7: inferior angle of the scapula

T9-T10: xiphoid process

L2-L3: costal margin

L4-L5: iliac crests

S1-S2: ASIS

Coccyx: pubic symphysis

How can involuntary motion be controlled?

using short exposure time

Heartbeat, peristalsis, spasms, chills, and pain are all examples of what type of motion

involuntary

Excitement, fear, and nervousness are all types of what type of motion?

voluntary

How is voluntary motion controlled?

communication

Techniques may have to be altered based on what factors?

• age

• pathological conditions

• conditions on which the x-ray is being taken (mobile, cross-table, etc.)

• body habitus

The diaghragm is seen highest in which body habitus?

hypersthenic

What is the most common body habitus?

sthenic

Which body habitus would have a long and narrow heart?

sthenic

Who has the ability to remove a c-collar?

physician

T/F: trauma settings should try to resemble routine projections as best as possible

True

T/F: all AP projections should be taken and then all lateral to avoid a lot of patient movement

True

T/F: inability of the patient to move and difficulty obtaining routine projections must never be used as an excuse to submit poor-quality images

True

This imaginary line passes vertically through the body dividing the left from the right

MSP

This imaginary line passes vertically through the midaxillary region and divides the body into anterior and posterior

MCP

This imaginary line passes crosswise through the body and divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Transverse

How many quadrants of the abdomen are there and what are they?

4 - LUQ, LLQ, RUQ, RLQ