THEME 6. Education Systems

What is education for?

_______________: Schools are held accountable for solving social inequalities (class, race, gender) and problems like traffic deaths, obesity, and environmental destruction.

Educationalization

What is education for?

_____________/Control: Historically aimed at social control, disciplining, and standardizing behavior rather than equality.

Socialization

What is education for?

______________: Used as a tool to disseminate "superior" Western civilization in colonial contexts.

Modernization

MODERN EDUCATION

What are the three goals of education?

1. __________ _________: Perspective of the citizen. Education is a public good to prepare people for political roles and effective citizenship.

2. __________ _________: Perspective of the taxpayer/employer. Education is a public good to prepare workers for economic roles/productivity.

3. __________ __________: Perspective of the consumer. Education is a private commodity to provide individual competitive advantage for social positions.

Democratic Equality, Social Efficiency, Social Mobility

What role did the church play in British school history?

The church created the first schools in the 5th and 6th centuries to prepare boys for ___________. They maintained a dominant role in providing education long before the state became involved.

priesthood

BRITISH HISTORY

What was state involvement like before 1944?

State involvement was ____. First grants appeared in 1833. The 1870 _______ _____ created local school boards for elementary schools. Compulsory education ages 5–10 established by 1880. Secondary education remained largely fee-paying; in 1920, only 9.2% of 13-year-olds entered secondary schools on a non-fee basis.

late, Forster Act

How did the 1944 Education Act change the education system in England and Wales?

It made state schooling ____ and _________ up to age 15. It introduced a decentralized system and the _______ System based on the "eleven-plus" exam:

1. Grammar schools: For ________ children (passed exam).

2. Secondary modern: For _____ schooling (failed exam).

3. Technical schools: For ___________ pupils.

free, compulsory, Tripartite, academic, basic, vocational

Progressive education is a pedagogical movement that began in the late nineteenth century and has persisted in various forms to the present. What was/were characteristic of progressive education?

Progressive education, emerging in the late 19th century, emphasized:

• ______-_______ learning

• Learning by _______ (experiential learning)

• Focus on students’ interests and needs

• Development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills

• Less emphasis on rote memorization and strict discipline

It introduced electives like physical education, music, fine arts, team sports and vocational training.

It is often associated with thinkers such as John Dewey.

Child-centered, doing

What debate continues until today?

The conflict between __________ (non-selective, all abilities) and ___________ (grammar/secondary modern) systems. The majority of parents favor selective/diverse systems, while political arguments persist regarding social mobility and class division.

Comprehensive, Selective

What is the significance of the Brown v. Board of Education case?

The Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Supreme Court case:

• Declared racial segregation in public schools _____________

• ____________ the doctrine of “separate but equal”

• Marked a turning point in the _____ ______ __________

• Led to the ______________ of schools across the US (though implementation was slow and contested)

unconstitutional, Overturned, civil rights movement, desegregation

AMERICAN HISTORY

Who should be responsible for children's education? (Colonial)

The _________ . British authorities provided no money; schooling depended on local settlers' interest or private tutors.

parents

What are the "three Rs"?

_________, ________, and _________. These were the core subjects in colonial schools in America.

Reading, writing, arithmetic

What is "school-raising"?

A cooperative __________ _______ where settlers worked together to _____ schools, similar to barn-raising, to establish social order on the frontier.

community effort, build

What functions did the founding fathers expect public education to fulfill?

To produce an _______ ______ essential for ___________ (Jefferson, Franklin). Jefferson envisioned a school-bred meritocracy of talent to replace the aristocracy of birth.

informed citizenry, democracy

What did reformers like Horace Mann promote?

____________ the school year, adding "__________" subjects, raising teachers' __________, and providing ________ teacher training to help ____________ immigrants and reduce _______.

Lengthening, practical, salaries, professional, assimilate, crime

American History

When did church and state become separated?

Gradually after the ___________ as states abolished state _________. In 1819, the Supreme Court freed private colleges from _______ ________.

Revolution, religions, state control

What was significant about the Morrill Act?

It gave states huge ______ areas to fund ________ __________, creating land-grant colleges (state universities). It promoted _________ and __________ subjects to attract the working class.

land, higher education, agriculture, technical

Amerian History

What were public schools expected to do in the 1880s?

• ___________/Americanize immigrants: Teach English and democracy.

• ________ _________: Get children out of slums, factories, and gangs.

• ___________ ________: Adopted to achieve these goals; by 1880, nearly 75% of children attended.

Assimilate, Social Remedy, Compulsory Attendance

How was class tradition maintained in progressive education?

The maintenance of class tradition was evident in the following ways:

• Focus on ________ over Academics: Some immigrant parents voiced criticism because they believed that these electives took valuable time away from academic subjects.

• Assumptions about ________ _________: These parents also objected to the frequent assumption that immigrant children did not need academic studies because it was presumed they would not pursue higher education.

By ________ students, particularly those from immigrant or disadvantaged backgrounds, toward __________ training and away from rigorous academic studies, the educational system reinforced existing class structures, limiting the children's competitive advantage for desirable social positions and access to professions historically ________ for the ______.

Electives, Higher Education, steering, vocational, reserved, elite

When did coeducational institutions (colleges open to both genders) begin?

During the _______ _______ in the _______ (to replace men joining armies). By the 1920s, almost half of college students were women.

Civil War, Midwest

When did institutions for African Americans begin?

Colleges like Howard and Hampton were founded _____ the Civil War. A second Morrill Act in 1890 provided land for African American public colleges.

after

How did the GI Bill alter American higher education?

It paid ______ and ______ ______ for 2.5 million veterans (by 1971). It transformed higher education from a privilege for the upper class into a _____ _______ _____.

tuition, living costs, mass education right

How did the Cold War influence American education?

The 1957 Sputnik launch (the 1st artificial satellite) led to the N_______ D_______ E_________ A_____ (1958). Federal funds poured into science, math, and foreign languages. Teachers were required to sign "l______ o______."

National Defense Education Act, loyalty oaths

Why did re-segregation happen?

Re-segregation of schools began in the late 1980s, reversing the trend toward increasing integration that followed the Brown v. Board of Education decision.

The factors contributing to re-segregation were:

• The End of ________ _______ (đưa đón trẻ bằng buses): The Supreme Court backed down on enforcing busing plans that included city and suburban schools after a strong anti-busing national mood developed. The Court ruled in 1974 that no tradition was more deeply rooted than the local control of schools, which effectively stopped busing from being an effective tool for desegregation between suburbs and inner-cities of the North.

• Continued _______ _______: White families continued to leave the cities for the suburbs, and later, the outer suburbs. When initial busing plans resulted in white pupils being transported into city schools, the public outcry increased, leading more white residents to flee to the suburbs or send their children to private schools.

• High __________ of Non-White, Poor Minorities: Decades of high immigration of non-white, poor Latinos and Asian Americans also contributed to the growing segregation of schools.

As a result of these factors, by 2006, over 40 percent of schools were predominantly or entirely African American.

Effective Busing, White Flight, Immigration

What problems can be observed recently?

______ __________: US scores in language, math, and science are lower than other developed nations.

______ _________: In the class of 2010, only 33% were college-ready; 30% dropped out; 37% graduated but lacked academic skills for college.

Low Achievement, College Readiness

What are pointed out as causes for such recent problems in the US education?

• Social:

  • Inner-city ______ ,

  • w_____ fl______,

  • lack of _______,

  • and lack of ________.

• Curriculum:

  • Excessive v________ e__________,

  • "____________" components weakening the core curriculum.

• Violence: School ________ and ________.

poverty, white flight, funding, discipline, vocational electives, multicultural, shootings, bullying

How does the American public respond to decentralization?

__________ views.

Large majorities support national standardized testing/curriculum, yet there is strong support for ______ ______ (magnet schools, vouchers, homeschooling). ______________ increased by 15–20% per year since 2000.

Conflicting, school choice, Homeschooling

How has the public responded to the NCLB Act?

Initially ________, then faced growing ________ (2009–2012) from teachers and unions who felt it "____________" education through ________. The Obama administration eventually granted waivers to 26 states.

accepted, opposition, oversimplified, testing

What are the features of No Child Left Behind (NCLB)?

The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) education reform package, introduced during the Bush administration, is characterized by several key features:

• Increased ________ _________: NCLB appropriated more federal money for public education than any similar legislation in decades.

• Top-Down ________ __________: It involved an unprecedented degree of top-down federal intrusion into the state and local control over public schools.

• National and State Achievement ________ : The law required the formulation of national and state standards of achievement in core curriculum subjects .

• Increased ________ _______: It mandated a greatly increased use of standardized testing of pupils and teachers to hold individual schools accountable to these standards.

• ___________ and _________: NCLB established a system of sanctions against public schools that do not meet annual targets for improvement.

• _________ _________ Provision: The sanctions included vouchers for sending pupils to other schools, including private religious institutions. The NCLB also institutionalized school choice by allowing parents to choose another school if the one nearest their home failed to reach state standards for improvement.

The NCLB Act utilized testing programs to hold individual districts accountable for reaching a certain level of academic achievement at specified points in pupils' schooling. By 2009, opposition to the NCLB had grown significantly among teachers' core subject organizations, unions, and state boards of education.

Federal Funding, Federal Intrusion, Standards, Standardized Testing, Accountability, sanctions, School Choice

In the US, what is affirmative action in education?

In the US, affirmative action in education refers to a principle and set of programs designed to combat the effects of prejudice and poverty, primarily by improving women's and minority groups' access to education.

Key aspects of affirmative action in education include:

• Principle of _________: The fundamental idea, as articulated by President Lyndon Johnson in 1965, is that society cannot be completely fair by simply freeing a person who has been historically "hobbled by chains" and then expecting them to compete equally at the starting line of a race with everyone else.

• Programs and __________ (Primary/Secondary Level): Affirmative action led to the redesigning of teaching programs and textbooks to replace discriminatory references with even-handed treatments or "positive role models" and examples of contributions by women and minorities to American history and culture. Two specific programs designed to help "disadvantaged" pupils succeed are:

    ◦ Head Start: Provides preschool tutoring to children in educationally deprived families to help them begin formal schooling at the same level as more fortunate children. Head Start is considered a success and has continued to receive additional funding.

    ◦ Upward Bound: Supplies remedial teaching, private tutoring, and work-study programs for older children.

• _________ Practices: Governments required educational institutions to become equal-opportunity employers, which meant hiring more teachers from minority groups at elementary and secondary schools and more women professors at universities and colleges. Educational institutions are legally required to encourage minority group members to apply for teaching positions, seek them out, and interview them, or risk losing government funding.

• _______ Challenges and Limitations: Affirmative action programs in education have resulted in several US Supreme Court decisions. These decisions did not eliminate affirmative action but altered the methods used. For example, the Bakke decision (1978) ruled that it is unconstitutional to increase the number of students from racial minorities in university programs by setting numerical quotas. In later years (the 1990s and 2000s), the Supreme Court more strictly limited admission policies that favored minorities, even in the interest of recruiting a diverse student body at institutions of higher learning. Furthermore, voters in several states have supported propositions to eliminate affirmative action programs through elections.

Fairness, Initiatives, Hiring, Legal

What are ongoing problems in education of the UK and the US?

UK:
United Kingdom (Specifically England)

Ongoing problems and debates in the UK education system include:

• _______ __________: The "defining challenge" is social mobility, as nearly one million children are still taught in schools classified as "less than good," and these children are disproportionately from disadvantaged backgrounds,.

• ______ Division ________ : There is a continuing debate and political conflict regarding the selective versus non-selective secondary school system, as a minority of areas still retain selective grammar schools,.

• _____-Value ___________: Before recent reforms, schools often used so-called "equivalent qualifications"—disproportionately taken by disadvantaged pupils—to artificially inflate school rankings in league tables,.

• Grade __________: There was a loss of public confidence in national qualifications due to rife grade inflation

Social Inequality, Systemic, debate, low, qualifications, Inflation

What are ongoing problems in education of the UK and the US?

United States

Ongoing problems and debates in the US education system include:

• Racial ___-_________: The trend toward integration reversed in the late 1980s, leading to re-segregation of schools. By 2006, over 40% of schools were predominantly or entirely African American.

• __________ _________ _________: Concerns persist about the quality of schooling at all levels. Average achievement levels in language skills, mathematics, and science remain lower than in many other developed nations.

• Lack of ________ _______: A large portion of college-age youth are not considered "college-ready" upon high school graduation.

• ________ and _________ Issues: Public opinion links lowered quality primarily to inadequate financial support, overcrowding, and lack of discipline. Continued "white flight" also contributes to inadequate funding in urban areas.

• School ______ : Schools continue to prioritize efforts to improve security and address the causes of violence.

• Curriculum ________: Critics assert that students neglect basic skills because they are allowed to choose too many excessively vocational or undemanding electives.

Re-segregation, Inadequate Academic Quality, College Readiness, funding, facility, safety, Debates