D1.2 Protein Synthesis

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24 Terms

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Transcription

The synthesis of pre-mRNA from DNA

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Where does transcription occur?

The nucleus

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What enzyme is used in transcription?

RNA Polymerase

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Promoter Site

The start of the DNA sequence, where RNA polymerase binds to to begin transcription

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Role of RNA Polymerase in transcription

RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA strand and moves along the template strand, adding RNA nucleotides to form RNA strand.

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What is the template/antisense strand in DNA transcription?

The transcribed DNA strand

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What is the coding/sense strand in DNA transcription?

Strand that is not transcribed

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What is Gene expression

The process by which information carried by a gene has observable effects on an organism

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What is translation

The synthesis of polypeptides from mRNA

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Where does translation occur?

In the cytoplasm

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What is a codon?

A sequence of 3 nucleotides that correspond to a certain amino acid

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Role of mRNA in translation

Contains codons that correspond to an amino acid sequence that codes for a specific polypeptide.

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Role of tRNA in translation

Translates the base sequence of mRNA into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. Anticodons on one end bind to the mRNA and allow the corresponding amino acid to bind to the other.

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What are ribosomes?

Complex structures with large and small subunits for synthesizing polypeptides

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Function of ribosome small structure

binding site for mRNA

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Function of ribosome large structure

3 binding sites for tRNA: APE

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A site of ribosomes

holds tRNA carrying next amino acid to be added to the chain

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P site of ribosomes

holds tRNA carrying growing polypeptide

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E site of ribosomes

empty/uncharged tRNA leaves ribosome

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Degenerate

Different codons can code for the same amino acid

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Gene mutation

A change to the base sequence of a gene

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What causes sickle cell anemia?

A single base substitution on the beta-globin gene

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Post-transcriptional modifications of mRNA

  • Added methyl cap on the 5’ end and poly-A tails (chain of adenines) on the 3’ end

  • Spliced out introns (useless sequences)

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How does preproinsulin become insulin?

  • Rough ER: Preproinsulin loses 24 amino acids → proinsulin

  • Golgi Apparatus: cleaves and packages proinsulin → insulin