AP World ALL

Hegemony

Subjects willingly accept ruler if persuaded that its in their best interest

Causes of decline of empires

Failure of leadership, overextension, collapse of economy, revolts by colonies/people, military defeat

Sargon of Akkad

Ruler of the empire in Mesopotamia

Cyrus 2 the Great

Broke balance of power and formed empire called Persia, captured Babylon

Cambyses 2

Cyrus' son, conquers Egypt, his short rule was costly to Persia

Darius 1

Created Suez Canal, expanded empire, ruled with a satrapy

Achaemenid Empire

Commonly known as the Persian Empire

Athens, Greece

Leader among city-states of Greece, birthed modern concept of democracy, left many "classical" records

Homer

A Greek poet, famous works included Iliad and the Odyssey

Greek Philosophers

Although their view sometimes differed men like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle were all great philosophers of the time

Peloponnesisn War

Very long war mainly between Athens and Sparta, some other city-states eventually joined in

Phillip 2 of Macedonia

Wanted to unite Greece and take back the few city-states from Persian control

Alexander the Great

Son of Phillip, King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia (largest known empire of the time), empire crumbled after his desth

Hellenistic Era

Era between Alexander the Great and the last Macedonian Queen (cleopatra of egypt); period when the Greek language and ideas were carried to the non-Greek world - culture flourished

Mare Nostrum

Our sea, Mediterranean to the ancient Romans

Pax Romana

Roman Peace, reign of stability and relative peace (secure routes for trade/travel, flourishing economy, arts, production, population increase), brought to an end after internal revolts and external Germanic attacks

Punic Wars

a series of wars fought between Rome and Carthage for control of the Mediterranean

Plebeians and Patricians

Two classes of people in Roman society, patricians would provide legal protection and plebeians would help pay fines

Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus

First triumvirate, Caesar defeated them and ruled as a dictator until he was assasinsted

Gallic Wars

Julius Caesar's conquest of Gaul (modern France)

Gaius Octavius/Octavian/Augustus

Ruled Rome during a Golden Age, Senate was grateful

Stoicism

the endurance of pain or hardship without a display of feelings and without complaint

Justinian Code

Roman civil law collected and organized by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian

Qin Dynasty

Zhou —\> Warring States —\> Qin (unified again)

Xiongnu

Tribes that bordered China (similar to group Romans called Huns, Indians called Hunas)

Qin Shi Huangdi (First Emperor)

Many laborers that constructed the Great Wall of China to keep barbarians out and his palace and tomb, ruled through a bureaucracy, standardized and centralized

Confucianism

Founded by Kong Fuzi, belief that believed in essential goodness, education to from character, respect to elders (Han dynasty led by)

Legalism

Belief in social harmony through strict gov and laws, pessimistic view of society/people (Qin dynasty led by)

Han Fei Tzu

Political philosopher, important figure in Legalism

Daoism/Taoism

Uninvolved government, advocated for a simple life, not usually directly applicable to govenrment

Mandate of Heaven

Chinese political concept that dynasties were given power through the divine and could not last forever

Liu Bang

First emperor of the Han dynasty

Sinicization

The adoption and absorption by foreign people (typically tribal people/nomads) of Chinese language, customs and culture

Janapadas

Political units in India

Chandragupta Maurya

founder of the Mauryan Empire

Artha-sastra

A manual of politics and economics, cutthroat view of states fighting within an empire

Asoka

Ruler of the Mauryan Empire, he extended his control over most of India and promoted the spread of Buddhism

Chandra Gupta 1

Founder of the Gupta Empire

Sanskrit

The most important language used in India during the Gupta Empire

Common Characteristics of all Religions

Sanctification of time, space, language/literature, artistic/cultural creativity, family/ancestors and creation of organization/structure

Rigveda

Hinduism scripture that included speculation of worlds origin, caste system outline

Which religions did not proselytize?

Hinduism and Judaism

Dharma

In Hindu belief, a person's obligations in life based on caste and in Buddhism, it outlined how to behave

Siddhartha Gautama

known as the Buddha or "Enlightened One," founder of Buddhism, created four noble truths and 8 fold path

Nirvana

The state of englightenment for Buddhists

Moksha

Becoming liberated for the cycle of reincarnation in Hinduism

Bodhisattva

Being who is enlightened but reincarnates as a different person every generation to guide others

Shinto

Emphasis/reverence of nature, acknowledgement of spirits (Kami)

Zen Buddhism

A Buddhist sect that justifies violence as a mean of self-defense, Samurai (trained warriors)

TaNaKh

a term for the books of the Bible that make up the Old Testament/hebrew version

Abraham

Founder of Judaism who moves to Canaan with people (later leave and enslaved in Egypt)

Moses

a Hebrew leader who led his people out of slavery in Egypt and brought Judaism its fundamental laws, the Ten Commandments

Jewish Diaspora

Romans cause thr scattering of the Jewish people outside their homeland, Israel/Zion/Cannan

Pharisees

Religious leaders who resented Romans but avoided conflict

Sadducees

Elite temple priest who favored Roman rule

Essences

Removed from society, fasted/prayed, waited for the world to end

Zealots

Opposed Roman rule, advocated violence to other throw Romans

Jesus of Nazareth

a teacher and prophet born in bethlehem; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity, later crucified by Roman authority

Paul

Proselytized extensively around Mediterranean and "built" churches, his letters become New Testament

Emperor Constantine

Roman emperor who legalized Christianity

Augustine

A scholar from Northern Africa who's work led to monasticism (monks)

Clovis

King of Franks who converted to Christianity

1054- Great Schism

the church split into Roman Catholic (Rome) and Eastern Orthodox (Constantinople)

Charles Martel

Stopped Muslim advance with his Frank army into Europe in the Battle of Tours

Emperor Charlemagne

First Holy Roman Emperor

Muhammad

Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam, was previously a merchant

Quran

The holy book of Islam

5 pillars of Islam

Declaration of faith, 5x a day prayer toward Mecca, charity to poor, fasting during Ramadan, hajj to Mecca

Jihad

Two interpretations: actual war to preserve "dar al-Islam" or internal struggle vs sin

Shi'ites and Sunnis

Political groups of Islam; one group favors a leader who is a direct descendant of Muhammad, another wants them to follow example of prophet

Timur

Turkish emperor who was Muslim, increased important of Turkish alongside Arabic

King Mansa Musa of Mali

Gave away tons of gold on his hajj

Ibn Battuta

Traveled extensively around the Muslim world

Dhimmi status

Conquered person who practiced Judaism/Christianity could continue to do so under Islam gov

Pope Urban II

Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades

Magna Carta (1215)

"The Great Charter" - an English document draw up by nobles under King John which limited the power of the king. It has influenced later constitutional documents in Britain and America.

Richard Lionheart

Christian leader during crusades

Saladin

Muslim leader during crusades

Inca Empire

In the Andes Mountains in South America, different goods were transported on a series of connected roads controlled by gov (think the bakers go to Peru)

Yucatán Peninsula

Mayan then Aztec people lived in central and North America until conquistadors arrived

Malays

People in the indies who built large cargo ships "junks" and used square sails to tack into the wind and learned monsoon wind patterns

Emperor Yung-Lo

leader of Ming Dynasty, promoted exploration, "closed Chinas doors"

Admiral Zheng He

lead the voyages to look for exotic goods for the Ming dynasty

Genghis Khan

Founder of the Mongol Empire by conquering lots of territory, shrewd diplomacy and brutal violence

Pax Mongolica

"Mongol Peace" during which trade flourished along the silk roads, similar to Pax Romana

Marco Polo

Traveled China similar to Ibn Battuta

Black Death/Bubonic Plague

Spread quickly due to Pax Mongolica, highly contagious and killed millions of people

Thomas Aquinas

Christian scholar who used reason to prove God's existence

Leif Eriksson/Vikings

Found Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland, was part of the Vikings that dominated sea lanes in Northern Europe and eventually slowed down as they were converted to Christianity

Manorialism

An economic system with a heavy reliance on agriculture where a lord provides land for peasants (serf\=tied to land) who work on it and provide the harvest to the lord (wealthy)

Renaissance "rebirth"

A period of time categorized by humanism, an idea that focused on humankind's achievements and abilities, celebration of individual rather than God (not an atheist movement)

Medici family

Italian noble family in Florence that patronized the art (funded it)

Machiavelli

Author of the Prince during the renaissance (cut throat)

Johannes Gutenberg

Invented the printing press/movable type

Prince Henry(The Navigator)

Portuguese prince who started a school for sailors and sponsored early voyages of exploration

Bartholomew Dias

Rounded Cape of Good Hope

Vasco de Gama

First European to reach India by sea and avoid Muslims

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to Indies

Amerigo Vespucci

Realized New World was not indies and claimed Brazil

Treaty of Tordesillas

Pope divided world between Spain and Portugal in half