Complete Study Notes for NZQA Level 2 Chemistry (91165) - Organic Compounds

Alkane

Hydrocarbon with only single C-C bonds, suffix -ane.

Alkene

Hydrocarbon with at least one C=C double bond, suffix -ene.

Alcohol

Organic compound containing -OH group, suffix -ol.

Haloalkane

Compounds containing halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) with prefixes fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-.

Amine

Organic compound containing -NH₂ group, suffix -amine.

Carboxylic Acid

Organic compounds containing -COOH group, suffix -oic acid.

Primary Alcohol

Alcohol where the carbon with -OH is attached to one other carbon.

Secondary Alcohol

Alcohol where the carbon with -OH is attached to two other carbons.

Tertiary Alcohol

Alcohol where the carbon with -OH is attached to three other carbons.

Halogen

Chemical element that forms salts with metals, includes F, Cl, Br, I.

Nucleophilic Substitution

Reaction type where a nucleophile replaces a leaving group.

Elimination Reaction

Reaction in which atoms are removed to create a double bond.

Hydration

Addition of water across a double bond leading to the formation of an alcohol.

Hydrogenation

Process of adding hydrogen to an alkene to form an alkane.

Addition Polymerisation

Process where monomers with C=C bonds react to form polymers.

Cis Isomerism

Isomers that have similar groups on the same side of a double bond.

Trans Isomerism

Isomers that have similar groups on opposite sides of a double bond.

Zaitsev's Rule

In elimination reactions, the more substituted alkene is the major product.

Markovnikov's Rule

In addition reactions to alkenes, the hydrogen adds to the carbon with more hydrogens.

Acidified Potassium Dichromate

Reagent used to oxidize primary and secondary alcohols, changing from orange to green.

Acidified Potassium Permanganate

Reagent that changes from purple to colourless upon reaction with alkenes or alcohols.

Bromine Water

Reagent that decolourises in the presence of alkenes, indicating a reaction.

Effervescence

Bubbling observed when acids react with carbonates producing CO₂.

Constitutional Isomers

Isomers that have the same molecular formula but different connectivity.

Reflux

Process of heating a reaction mixture with a condenser to prevent solvent loss.

Distillation

Separation technique based on boiling point differences.

Oxidation

Loss of electrons, often resulting in an increase in the oxidation state.

Substitution Reaction

Reaction where one functional group in a chemical compound is replaced with another.

Dehydration

Elimination of water from a compound, typically to form a double bond.