Principles of Cellular Respiration and Intro to Bioenergetics

What are the four pathways encompassed in cellular respiration?

1. glycolysis

2. decarboxylation of pyruvate

3. TCA cycle

4. Oxidative phosphorylation

What are the two ways to produce ATP?

1. substrate level phosphorylation

2. oxidative phosphorylation

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

transfer of phosphate group to ADP by kinase enzymes

Under what conditions is ATP produced?

aerobic in mitochondria

Where does the TCA cycle occur?

mitochondria

What are the key products from the TCA cycle?

2 moles of CO2

1 mole GTP

3 NADH (high energy electrons)

1 FADH2 (high energy electrons)

What mediates oxidative phosphorylation?

respiratory chain

What is the respiratory chain?

• complexes I, II, III, IV

• cytochrome C

• CoQ (ubiquinone)

What is an electron only transfer?

electrons are transferred between two metal ions

What is a reducing equivalent transfer/

involves transfer of a proton and an electron

What is the structure of the mitochondria?

• Two membranes

  • outer

  • inner

• Two compartments

  • intermembrane space

  • matrix

What does mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) do?

encodes for 37/3000 genes required to make a mitochondrion, with 13 of those genes encoding for subunits and electron transfer chain complexes

What encodes the majority of mitochondrial DNA?

they are nuclearly coded and transported to mitochondria via transporters

What is fission?

mitochondria dividing in two

is an essential event in proliferating cells

What is mitochondrial fusion?

combines two mitochondria

maintains network integrity and rescue of dysfunctional mitochondria

What complexes of the electron transport chain produce reactive oxygen species?

complex I and III

What are examples of reactive oxygen species?

superoxide ion, peroxide ion, and hydroxyl radical

Reactive Nitrogen/Oxygen species are used in biology to do what?

growth, hormone synthesis, and inflammation

What can overproduction of reactive nitrogen/oxygen species do?

damage DNA, proteins, and lipids