ANP Kidneys??

What does the urinary system do?

Makes and stores urine, controls body fluid levels, excretes water-soluble wastes, and regulates body fluid electrolytes

What are the four organs of the urinary system?

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

What is the function of the kidneys?

To filter blood and form urine

What is the function of the ureters?

To transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

What is the function of the urinary bladder?

To collect and store urine

What is the function of the urethra?

To convey urine from the urinary bladder to outside the body

Where are the kidneys located?

On both sides of the vertebral column; left is slightly higher than right

What surrounds the kidneys?

Fibrous renal capsule, adipose tissue, and connective tissue

What is the renal medulla composed of?

Renal pyramids and nephrons

What are nephrons?

Urine producting structures

What is a renal pyramid?

A triangular-shaped structure that contains the part of the nephron responsible for collecting urine

What part of the nephron is located in the renal pyramids?

The collecting duct

What is the renal papilla?

The tip of a renal pyramid that allows urine to pass into the ureter

What are renal columns?

Extensions of the cortex that dip into the medulla

Label this part of the kidney.

Renal cortex

Label this part of the kidney.

Renal medulla

Label this part of the kidney.

Renal papilla

Label this part of the kidney.

Renal pyramids

Label this part of the kidney.

Fibrous capsule

Label this part of the kidney.

Renal columns

Label this part of the kidney.

Minor calyx

Label this part of the kidney.

Major calyx

Label this part of the kidney.

Ureter

Label this part of the kidney.

Renal pelvis

Label this part of the kidney.

Renal vein

Label this part of the kidney.

Renal artery

Label this part of the kidney.

Hilum

What are renal columns?

Extensions of cortex that dip into medulla

What is the hilum?

Entrance to renal sinus

What is the renal sinus?

Space that allows for entry of large blood vessels and collection of urine for all nephrons

What is the renal pelvis?

Funnel-shaped sac on superior end of ureter

What are major calyces?

Large tubes that merge to form renal pelvis

What are minor calyces?

Small tubes that merge to form major calyces

What is the renal capsule?

Fibrous capsule around the kidney

What are the major arteries/veins of the kidney?

Renal, segmental, interlobar, arcuate/arciform

Where is the renal artery?

Branching off abdominal aorta and enters kidney through hilum

Where are the segmental arteries?

Branching off renal artery

Where are the interlobar arteries?

Branching off segmental arteries, flowing between renal pyramids

Where are the arcuate/arciform arteries?

Branching of interlobar arteries, arching around renal pyramids

What vein do the arcuate veins drain into?

Interlobar

What vein do the interlobar veins unify into?

Segmental

What vein do the segmental veins merge to create?

Renal

What does the renal vein drain into?

Vena cava

What hormone do the kidneys secrete?

Erythropoietin

What is erythropoietin?

Hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells

T/F: The kidneys excrete metabolic and nitrogenous waste from blood.

True

T/F: The kidneys filter hydrophobic hormones from the blood.

False

What is another word for red blood cells?

Erythrocytes

What is another name for White blood cells?

Leukocytes

What is another name for platelets?

Thrombocytes

What do RBCs do?

carry oxygen via hemoglobin

What do WBCs do?

Defend against infection

What do platelets do?

Initiate clotting

What is plasma?

A light yellow liquid that carries water, electrolytes, and proteins

What proteins are found in the blood?

Albumin and antibodies

What are albumin and antibodies?

Proteins of the immune system that bind to pathogens

How does RBC formation occur?

Low blood oxygen causes kidneys and liver to release EPO which stimulates production in red bone marrow

What are the nutritional requirements for erythropoiesis?

Vitamin B12, folic acid, and iron

What is anemia?

When oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced due to the deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin

What medicine must renal failure/dialysis patients take?

Synthetic EPO

What is azotemia?

Increase in blood urea nitrogen and nitrogenous wastes in blood

What is uremia?

Toxic effects/organ failure as wastes accumulate

How is blood volume and pressure regulated?

The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

What does ADH cause?

Increase in thirst, vasoconstriction, retention of water

What is another name for ADH?

Vasopressin

What type of hormone is ADH known as?

The freshwater hormone

What does aldosterone cause?

Sodium and water retention, potassium loss, increase in blood volume, increase in blood pressure

ADH causes a(n) ________ in thirst.

Increase

ADH causes vaso-

constriction

ADH is known as the

Freshwater hormone

Aldosterone causes a(n) ______ in blood pressure.

Increase

Aldosterone causes a(n) _______ in blood volume.

Increase

Aldosterone is known as the _______ hormone.

Saltwater

Aldosterone causes _______ in potassium.

Loss

What two organs keep blood pH within normal range?

The kidney and lungs

What is pH defined as?

The negative log concentration of hydrogen ions

What happens when pH falls below 7.35?

Acidosis

What happens when pH falls above 7.45?

Alkalosis

When are acid-base disturbances frequently encountered?

With chronically ill and hospitalized patients

How is blood pH measured?

By analyzing pH and bicarbonate levels and carbon dioxide levels in the arterial blood aka arterial blood gases

What type of acidosis or alkalosis is caused by the lungs?

Respiratory

Wat type of acidosis or alkalosis is caused by factors other than the lungs?

Metabolic

What controls CO2?

Lungs

What controls bicarbonate (HCO3)?

Kidneys

Label this section of the nephron.

Glomerular capsule

Label this section of the nephron.

Glomerulus

Label this section of the nephron.

Afferent arteriole

Label this section of the nephron.

Distal tubule

Label this section of the nephron.

Efferent arteriole

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Descending limb of nephron loop

Label this section of the nephron.

Ascending limb of arteriole

Label this section of the nephron.

Proximal tubule

What are the four parts of the renal tubule?

Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct/tubule

What is the function of the peritubular capillaries?

Receive substances removed from the urine that will be reabsorbed by the body, and remove substances from the blood that could not be filtered by the glomerulus

What is reabsorption?

When the nephrons of the kidney reclaim nutrients from teh urine

What is secretion?

Energy driven process in which waste is deposited into the urine by ATP-dependent transporters

What is at the start of the renal tubule?

The Bowman’s capsule

What is inside the Bowman’s capsule?

The glomerulus

How does blood flow into the glomerulus?

By the afferent arteriole

How does blood leave the glomerulus?

By the efferent arteriole