Dairy Cattle + Products

What is the phylum of cattle?

Chordata

What is the subphylum of cattle?

Veretbrata

What is the class of cattle?

Mammalia

What is the order of cattle?

Artiodactyla

What is the suborder of cattle?

Ruminata 

What is the family of cattle?

Bovidae

What is the species of cattle?

Taurus, indicus

How many dairy breeds are used in the U.S?

Six 

What is the most popular breed in the U.S

Holstein (95%)

What is the second most popular breed?

Jersey (4%)

Origin: Scotland

Ayrshire 

Description: White with red spots with red mostly on head

Ayrshire

Description: Large breed known for being almost free from hoof and leg problems

Ayrshire

Important facts: Great commercial dairy breed able to adapt to different management systems (group handling, free stalls or milking parlors)

Ayrshire 

Ayrshire 

Ayrshire 

Origin: Alps of Switzerland

Brown Swiss

Description: Medium sized breed, brown in color, varies from very light to very dark. Nose and tongue are black

Brown Swiss

Important facts: Efficient milkers that are calm, unexcitable and adaptable

Brown Swiss

Important facts: Produce high protein milk with well attached, capacious udders

Brown Swiss

Brown Swiss 

Brown Swiss 

Origin: Island of Guernsey

Guernsey

Description: Light brown or tan with white patches

Guernsey

Description: Medium to large breed that matures early

Guernsey

Important facts: Excellent grazing, gentle disposition and are known for producing high quantities of milk with less feed (Milk is high in fat)

Guernsey

Guernsey 

Guernsey

Origin: Netherlands and Northern Germany

Holstein

Description: Can either be black and white or red and white

Holstein 

Large breed that can adapt to a variety of environmental conditions

Holstein

Important factor: Outstanding milk producers, they dominate the world’s milk production industry 

Holstein 

Important facts: Average productive life 3-4 years and also known for genetic merit

Holstein

Holstein 

Holstein

Origin: Island of Jersey

Jersey

Description: Always light tan with black nose and eyes

Jersey 

Description: Most heat tolerant breed

Jersey

Important facts: Efficient converters of grain to milk

Jersey

Important facts: Longest production life of all dairy breeds

Jersey 

Important facts: Milk contains more protein and calcium than average milk

Jersey

Jersey 

Jersey

Jersey

Origin: England from Shorthorn Beef breed

Milking Shorthorn 

Description: Dark brown/red color with white spots anywhere on the body

Milking Shorthorn

Medium sized breed with steady milking life

Milking Shorthorn

Important facts: Docile cows that produce large volumes of nutritious milk

Milking Shorthorn 

This breed has a high salvage value after milk production life is over and known for growing rapidly

Milking Shorthorn

Milking Shorthorn 

Milking Shorthorn

What is the annual cash receipts from dairy products?

38 billion

Dairy products provide nearly ___ of all yearly cash receipts from agriculture

10%

Dairy products amount for approximately ____ of animal agriculture’s annual farm cash receipts

22%

The United States produces approximately ____ of the world’s cow milk

14%

How much beef do dairy cattle produce?

18-22%

Conversion of feed to food is the most efficient of all the domestic animals

Dairy cow

What is the trend in the dairy industry?

Fewer operations and more cows per operation

DHIA

Dairy Herd Improvement Association

Collects and processes information on dairy cows and provides producers with directions on dairy cattle things

Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA)

What directions do the DHIA give?

Profitability of individual cows, nutrition, reproduction, control mastitis

What contribution has genetic progress done on milk, fat, and protein in milk?

60%

What contribution has better management had on cattle milk production?

40%

DPR

Daughter pregnancy rate

The percentage of time that a cow would be expected to get pregnant during a three week reproductive cycle during the breeding period of a lactation

Daughter pregnancy rate

How much crossbreeding is there in dairy cattle?

Little 

What is the most popular crossbreed?

Jersey Holstein

Why is there an increase in crossbreeding?

Decreased fertility in purebreds, shift from volume of milk to weight of fat and proteins, and producers wanting a trouble free/healthier cow

Realistically when should a cow first have a calf in the dairy industry?

13 months 

What is the gestation period of cows?

280-283 days

When should a heifer be mated?

15 months (65% of their adult weight)

How many calories is in 1 cup of 2% milk?

125 calories 

Fat Soluble vitamins

A, D, E, K

Prevents rickets, osteoporosis, osteomalacia

Vitamin D

Helps eyesight (prevents night blindness)

Vitamin A

Mineral that helps bones stay strong, prevents osteoporosis 

Calcium

Skin, hair, and eyes; metabolism of nutrients

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)

Body growth, maintenance and repair

Complete Proteins

Comes from animals, needed for insulation, to transport fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)

Saturated fat

Sugar in the form of lactose

Simple Carbohydrates

Milk straight from the cow

Raw milk

What are the three ways to process milk?

Pasteurization, Homogenized, Fortification 

Heat treated to kill pathogens and extend shelf life

Pasteurization

To prevent separation of fat from liquid portion; consistency is smooth

Homogenized

To increase its nutritional value or to replace nutrients lost during processing

Fortification 

Effects of Homogenization on Milk Fat (4)

Increase surface area, loss of milk fat globule membrane, adsorption of milk proteins, stabilized conformation proteins

Homogenized and non-homogenized

Whole milk

Reduced fat content 

1% or 2% low fat milk 

No fat milk

Skim milk

Does not require refrigeration

Ultra high temperature

Lactase enzyme added

Lactose free milk

Nutrients are the same as non-organic milk; only organic fertilizers and organic pesticides are used for cow feed; no supplemental rBST

Organic milk

What are the seven types of milk?

Raw milk, whole milk, 1% or 2% milk, skim milk, ultra high temperature milk, lactose free milk, organic milk

A more concentrated form of milk

Cream

Used to determine fat content of milk

Babcock cream test

Once a cow is milked, the solids float to top (milkfat) and they are skimmed off

Cream

What are the 3 types of cream?

Heavy, light, half and half

What are the 3 types of frozen milk products?

Ice cream, sherbert, frozen yogurt

Made from milk, cream, sugar, and flavoring

Ice cream

Made from milk, sugar, and fruit juice

Sherbert