III: Interregional Relations

the continuation of the Roman Empire by the Greeks after 330 CE

The Byzantine Empire

capital was Byzantine Empire

Constantinople

when did Byzantine Empire decline

12th century

who was Byzantine Empire conquested by

Ottoman Turks

when was Byzantine Empire conquested

1453

East-West Schism

when main Christian Church was split into two parts

when was East-West Schism

1054

what was the Western church

Roman Catholic Church

what was the Eastern church

Orthodox Church

when Byzantines split from the RCC to form their own branch of Christianity, what was the church called?

Eastern Orthodox Church

what did the Byzantines serve as against the main thrusts of Muslim invasions of Europe for 800 years

bulwark

what did the Byzantines spread into E. Europe?

christianity

the Byzantines were the major source of what

European connection with the civilizations of Asia, and their knowledge, good, and spices

what did the Byzantines help preserve

practices, knowledge, an culture of Greek and Roman science, philosophy, law and culture

what happened to the remaining knowledge

it was detroyed in Rome or lost to Muslim states in Egypt & the Levant after 695CE

what happened to Europe when Byzantine declined

they were cut off from contact and trade with the Eastern civilizations and had to find another way to establish connection with the East

Eastern civilizations that were the main manufacturers of goods and holders of contemporary knowledge

Persia, India, China

what were the crusades

a series of religious wars in W. Asia and Europe

who were the crusades called for/supported by

the pope

why did pope call/support crusaders

to retake Christian holy lands in the Levant, chase Muslims out of Europe, or convert remaining Eastern European pagans

most relevant crusades to Europe by 1450 CE

Holy Land, Reconquista, Teutonic knights

where did Europeans join the call to retake the Holy Lands?

Levant, including Jerusalem

how many major crusader states were formed

four

how long did the major crusader states last

two centuries

how did crusader states decline

fall of crusader city of Acre

what was trickled back into Europe from the crusades

lost Greco-Roman knowledge

what invention also transformed Europeans' attitudes and approaches regarding knowledge & science?

printing press (15th cent.)

what connected Europe with the lucrative trade routes of Asian and propelling the city-states of Genoa and Venice to prominence & expand Venetian maritime empire?

crusader trade communities

who were the trade communities established by

Italian traders

what was the Catholic effort to support northern Christian kingdoms against the remaining Moorish kingdoms

reconquista

what happened to the Moorish kingdoms of Southern Spain

Arab invaded them in 711 CE

what happened to Iberia after Reconquista victory in 1491

they were under control of Christians and united under the Spanish Crown & Portugese kingdoms

who united Iberia under Spanish Crown & Portugese kingdoms

Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile

two powerful Spanish kingdoms

Aragon and Castile

the reconquest removed what

the last Muslim threat from the Western Mediterranean

Christian policies in the Iberian Peninsula forecasted what

Jewish, Muslim, and Protestant treatment in Catholic Europe by the Inquisition

who would be banned by a series of decress when refusing to convert

Jews & Muslims

when were the series of decrees

1492, 1497

what did Iberian Peninsula begin to serve as

a basin from which Portugal and Spain could pursue new routes to the East

what happened to Teutonic Knights before taking up arms against Lithuania

ousted from the Levant and Hungary

where did the Teutonic Knight's Order originate

the Levant

who was a crusader order

Teutonic Knights

last large pagan principality in Europe

Lithuania

where was Lithuania crusaded

Baltic coast

what happened when the King of Lithuania converted to Christianity

campaigns became political

the Teutonic Order continued conflicts with...

Lithuania and neighboring Catholic Poland

what was the Teutonic Knights responsible for

pressuring the last major non-Christian polity into conversion

what did the Teutonic Knights lay the foundation for

a Germanic settlement that would later become Prussia

German state that led the unification of Germany

Prussia

who did Turks chase out

Byzantines

who chased out Byzantines

Muslim Seljuk Turk invaders

Turks remained the dominant power in where

Anatolia

who were the Turks subjugated by

Mongols

what did Mongols break the Seljuk Empire into

a series of emirates

emirates

a small Muslim kingdom

what did emirates let emerge

the Ottoman

what did Ottoman do when emerged

conquered neighboing states

where did Ottoman cross into

Balkan Europe

Ottoman Empire controlled

the Balkans

where was Byzantine Empire clinging to

capital city of Constaninopole

what was Byzantine Empire surrounded by

Ottoman Empire and vassal states

why was no aid sent from Venice or Genoa

they were economic rivals of the Byzantines

two major European powers in the Mediterranean

Venice and Genoa

who was reeling form prior losses to the Ottomans

Kingdom of Hungary

what did Ottoman Empire do in 1453

sack and capture the Byzantine capital; became dominant power in Southern Europe

greatest non-Christian threat to Europe

Ottoman Empire

who did OE bring to its shores

Islam

how did OE oppress local Christians

with policies

jizya tax

a tax on non-Muslims

devshirme

(blood tax) the taking of Christian boys between ages 8-18 for conversion to Islam and military service for life

where did black death originate

China (1331)

bacteria behind black death

yersinia petris

how did black death bacteria reach Byzenatine ports

crossed the trade route of Asia on the fleas of rats

where did yersinia petris travel along in Southern Europe

trade routes and ships Venice and Genoa

where did yersinia petris travel along in Northern Europe

commercial and Hanseatic Routes

rate of fatality Black Death

50-90%

where did the pandemic mainly hit

urban centers

where in Europe was unimpacted/delayed by BD

inland and rural communities

% of European population wiped out

35-50%

what did plague result it

visual & literary art centering around the plague, death, apocalypse, and disparity