apes unit 1

community ecology

study of interactions among species

symbiosis

2 species living in close and longterm association with one another in an ecosystem

how are ecosystem characteristics determined

climate

what is a terestial ecosystem defined as

a range of species or topographic features

why do impacts in one ecosystem have reaching effects

because parts of the ecosystems move across boundaries

biosphere

combination of all ecosystems/where life resides (12 miles thick)

competition

struggle of individuals to obtain a shared limited resource

competative explusion principle

2 species competing for same limited resource cannot coexist

resource partitioning

2 species divide a resource based on differences in behavior or structural features

• diff physical features

• diff time/eating habits

predation

one animal kills and consumes another

parasitoids

predator that lays eggs in another organism

• eggs hatch and it it inside out,killing host

parasitism

one organism lives in or on another organism

pathogen

cause disease in their host (parasites)

herbivory

animal consumes plants or algae. when population increases there is dramatic effect on resources

mutualism

interaction between 2 species that helps both (plant and pollinator)

commensalism

one benefits, other is neutral

invasive species

because evolutiontakes a long time, species arent defended when new species is brought

biome

plants and animals found in region

what determines distribution of plants and animals

difference in anual patterens of temperature and precipitation

terrestrial biome def

geographic regions with specific climate and plants

aquatic biome

salinity, depth, waterflow

tundra

• cold treeless biome with long growing vegetation

• short growing sesason

• permafrost ( perminatnly frozen layer of soil that prevents water draining and root penetration)

taiga (boreal forest)

• coniferouse trees that can tollerate cold winters and short growing season

• slow decompositon process (waxy pine needles)

  • soil low in nutrience

• deciduous trees thrive in warmer months

temperate rainforest

• coastal biome with mod temp and high precipitation

• 12 month growing season

• slow decompostion

temperate seasonal forest

• warm summers and cold winters

• rapid decompositon, more nutricious soil

shrubland (woodland)

• hot, dry summers, mild rainy winter

• 12 month growing season

• well adapted to fire and drought

• low nutrient soil

temperate grassland (cold desert)

• cold, harsh winter and hot dry summer

• fires are common

• lots of grasses (too dry for trees)

tropical rainforest

• warm and wet

• quick decomposition, productivity is high

• water from rain = lose nutrience quickly

savanna (tropical seasonal forest)

• warm temp, wet adn try seasons

• most rain in summer

• fertile soil

hot desert (subtropical desert)

• hot, dry, sparce vegetation

• small or nonexistant leaves

• annual plants grow when it rains

• perrenials have growth spurts with rain

marine biomes type

estuaries, coral reefs, open ocean

freshwater biomes type

streams, rivers, lakes, wetlands

what proides energy for organisms in freshwater

fallen leaves litter

littoral zone

soil/shore where algea and plants grow

limnetic zone

more open water without rooted plants, phytoplankton are only photosynthetic organisms here

profundal

sun doesnt reach, no plants, bacteria decompose denitrus

benthic

bottom

oligotrophic

low nutrience

eutrophic

high nutrients, turbid (cloudy)

wetlands

aquatic biome submerged by water for part of the year, most productive biome, filter pollutants from water

estuary

area along coast where river mixes with sea, productive with lots of life

salt marshes

contain nonwoody vegitation

mangrove swamp

salt tollerant trees that grow in estuaries and protect the coast from dammage

intertidal zone

stable during high tide, harsh during low

coral reef

most diverse marine biome adn release nutrience

open ocean

• photic (sun)

• aphotic (no sun)

• benthic (bottom)

chemosynthesis

bacteria generate energy using methane and hydrogen sulfide

sedimentation

some CO2 combines with Ca ions to corm CaCO3, precipitate out of water to form limestone

burial

some organic carbon dies adn si burried before it decomposes. fossilizes and becomes fossil fuel