History Unit 2 grind

He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.

No actual rep

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.

No actual rep

He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.

Intolerable Acts

He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.

Proclamation of 1763

He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.

Intolerable Acts

He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harrass our people, and eat out their substance.

Townshend, Intolerable Acts, Proclamation of 1763

He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.

Townshend, Intolerable Acts, Proclamation of 1763

For Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:

Quartering (Intolerable), Townshend, Proclamation of 1763

For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:

Boston Massacre

For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:

Navigation, Intolerable, Tea

For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:

Stamp, Sugar, Tea, Townshend, no actual rep

For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:

Admiralty courts, Stamp act, Intolerable acts

For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences

Admiralty courts, Stamp act, Intolerable acts

For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:

Quebec Act

For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:

Intolerable acts

For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.

Declatory act

He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.

King hires Hessians, Lexington

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.

Battle of Lexington and Concord, Navigation acts

He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.

King hires Hessians

Isaac Davis

In charge of minutemen during Lex & Con. Acton Leader in the front line. Died almost instantly. First officer death in the American Revolution.

Proclamation of 1763

An order in which Britain prohibited its American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. Angered the Ohio Company (heavy investors were George Washington and Ben Franklin)

Tea Act of 1773

Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies. They are only able to by British East India Company tea, which should have made them money but the tea was bad and they only had one option.

Colonial Response to the tea act

Boston tea party; dressed up as native americans (feather hats, shirtless, mohawks), and dumped 45 tons of tea into the sea throughout ships. ONLY TEA; even fixed a broken chest with money. The point was they wanted more tea.

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 to the repeal of the stamp act and sugar act; stated that Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever." Reassertion of dominance

Grenville Ministry

Grenville was Prime Minister of England from 1976-1765. Colonists were upset at him because of Stamp Act and felt he was trying to take away their traditions of self government. George Greenville believes that Britian is in debt from the French-Indian war because of colonists, so colonists should pay. In the 1760s, the Grenville ministry increased its authority in the colonies by stationing regular British troops permanently in America..

The Rockingham ministry

Charles Watson-Wentworth, the Marquess of Rockingham. Replaced the Grenville ministry. Made declaratory act.

Sugar Act

Law passed by the Greenville ministry reducing taxes from 6 to 3 shillings per gallon on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies. An indirect tax / external tax. England customs officers were bribed with 1/2 of the tax rate, and little officers accepted 1.5 shillings as a bribe. As a result, colonists had to pay more money, and got mad.

Why was the sugar act put in place?

The Sugar Act of 1764 was designed to damage the market for sugar grown in the colonies. Eliminate the illegal sugar trade among the colonies, the French, and the West Indies. Establish new vice-admiralty courts in America to try accused smugglers. Lower the colonial duty on molasses.

Colonies reaction to sugar act

As a result, colonial merchants had to pay more money, and got mad. First meetings of colonial assemblies, petitions of protests, and boycotts. All of these were rather weak other than boycotts, because England was just stronger.

Writs of Assistance

Under the sugar act. Legal document that enabled officers to search homes, ships, and warehouses without a warrant for goods that might be smuggled

Stamp Act

An act passed by the Greenville Ministry in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp (2-shilling 6-pence) required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents. Direct tax. Made almost everything cost around 5 USD more. Helped unite the colonies against the British authority.

How did the colonies reaction to the Stamp Act

Angered colonists because it was a direct tax. This led to the 'creation' of the Sons of Liberty (They have a real cause for the first time) Colonists Tarred, Feathered, and hung effigies (voodoo dolls) of Tax collectors. They also lit the tax collectors' homes on fire.

Virginia Resolves

Patrick Henry's response to the Stamp Act that denied Parliament's right to tax the colonies.

The Townshend Duties of 1767

Lord Charles Townshend. Taxes on imports from England. Way of raising revenue. Thought it wasn't bad because it was only external taxation.

Boston Massacre (1770)

The colonists hated the British soldiers in the colonies because the worked for very low wages and took jobs away from colonists. On March 4, 1770, a group of colonists started throwing rocks and snowballs at some British soldiers; the soldiers panicked and fired their muskets, killing a few colonials. This outraged the colonies and increased anti-British sentiment. John Hancock told the committee of correspondence to spread a pamphlet (really propaganda), and it angered the colonists

Comittees of Correspondence

An independent voluntary group whos mission was to make sure that each colony knew about events and opinions in the other colonies. Kind of like mailman.

How did the colonies react against the Townshend acts?

Boycotts ("non-importation agreements")

Ben Franklin interview

Claimed Americans weren't mad about the taxing itself, but about the representation and the direct taxes. Claimed that if it were indirectly taxed and represented the colonies would be fine. He was a credible source because he talked on behalf of many colonies, and was a multi-job man. Refused to throw rocks at his house.

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence that formed after the French-Indian War because of political unrest. In 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act, they incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. Secret society plotting against the English. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams, & John Hancock.

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty, and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence. D1 terrorist against the British. Good at nothing else.

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of the press "ought not to be restrained." Slowly turned into a revolutionary, yet he still sympathized with the British sometimes, like in the court case against the state town hall march. British terrorist. Goes from "I feel unutterable anxiety (about revolution)" to winning the war. During Boston Massacre Trial, he defended the British Soldiers. "Facts are stubborn things"

John Hancock

Patriot leader and president of the Second Continental Congress; the first person to sign the Declaration of Independence. Samuel Adams + John Hancock were the 2 main leaders of the revolutionary movement against England. A rich smuggler in the Boston Area

Taverns

Popular colonial centers of recreation, gossip, and political debate. Illiterate people were able to understand what was going on because of other literate people talking about it. Became popular spots for British resentment

Intolerable Acts

In response to Boston Tea Party. 4 acts passed in 1774;

Port of Boston closed

Reduced power of assemblies in colonies (No colonial assembly for Mass)

Permitted criminals to be tried elsewhere

Provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses (Seen as a form of taxation without consent).

First Continental Congress (1774)

12/13 states (except Georgia) met up to discuss Intolerable acts.

Radicals propose Independence

1. Samuel Adams

2. John Adams

3. Patrick Henry (Give me liberty or give me death)

Conservatives propose Govt. Partnership

1. Joseph Callaway (Loyalist that flees)

2. John Dickenson (

3. John Jay (3rd wheel)

Both agree on non-importation (boycotts) and found Non-importation Association

Declaration of Rights and Grievances (First continental congress; called #2)

Written by John Adams. Purpose = Protect the rights of Englishmen (4 main points). Says pre-navigation acts were OK (true?). Rejected by Parliament.

What 4 main points were in the Dec. of R & G?

In England:

1. A trial where the offense / crime was committed

2. No taxation or imposition laid, but by those who must partake of the burthen (no forced taxes / laws without representation)

3. A free trade to all the world, except the East-Indies

4. Freedom of debate and proceedings in their legislative deliberations (Ability to affect their politics)

In America:

1. A trial, if a Governor pleases, 3k miles away from the place where the offense / crime was committed

2. Taxes and imposition laid by those, who not only do not partake of the burthens but who easy themselves by it (Taxes and laws forced by those who benefit)

3. A trade to only such places as Great-Britain shall permit

4. Assemblies dissolved, and their legislative power suspended, for the free exercise of their reason and judgment, in their legislative (No political representation)

Colonial defense

Militia called Minuteman; Self-trained farmers with guns & and ready at a minute's notice

Militia

Self-trained colonists; less experience & volunteering

Army

Well trained payed soldiers & experienced

What was at concord

Arsenal (Secret storage of guns)

Massachusetts was the hardest hit by the acts

Prepares its minuteman first & the most because it wants a revolution the most.

Thomas Gage

British General + Governer of Boston that heard about rumors of an arsenal. Sent people to go investigate. Won Lexington and lost Concord. Start of Revolution.

Paul Revere

American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride (celebrated in a poem by Longfellow) to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming (1735-1818). Captured midway through his ride

William Dawes

A leader of the Sons of Liberty who rode with Paul Revere to Lexington to warn them that the British where coming. Also captured midway through the ride.

Samuel Prescott

Doctor who helped William Dawes and Paul Revere warn Patriots about the arrival of the British on the night of April 18, 1775. Picked up the journey where Reverse and Dawes were caught

Isaac Davis

In charge of minutemen during the battle at concord. Acton Leader in the front line. Died almost instantly. First officer death in the American Revolution.

Battle of Lexington and Concord

The first military engagement of the Revolutionary War. It occurred on April 19, 1775. Nobody knows who first shot. Weapons in concord were successfully hidden, so England didn't find anything. Colonists won Concord, and lost at Lexington.

Second Continental Congress (1775)

As a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that met beginning on May 10, 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to discuss resistance. (Defense, economy, and allies). Decide to declare independence.

Decisions:

G. W. as Military Leader (defense) (Southern leader to intice more southerners to join the cause)

Benjamin Franklin as person to handle alliances + foreign affairs (allies) (Wisest and most respected one there)

Olive Branch petition by John Dickinson (rejected a month later) King hires 30k german mercenaries called Hessians to help fight the colonies, who he saw as an "open rebellion"

Olive Branch Petition

On July 8, 1775, John Dickenson made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). Kissed up to the King, and made parliament seem evil. "Please don't fight us parent colony".

Pamphlet

Important in Colonial-America because it was the fasted way to get information around very quickly. Most important one was Common Sense.

Common Sense

Jan 1776: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation. Used the colony's "common sense" to appeal to this. The start of 1776 was bad morale for all Americas; because of this pamphlet, the morale was boosted high enough to declare independence on July 4, 1776.

Tactics of Common sense

Short easy to understand language (plain language)

Cheap

Quickly and vastly produced

Lots of analogies to farming (main occupation)

Understood colonists