AP Statistics - Essential Acronyms/Sentence Frameworks

SOCS

Shape, Outliers, Center/Context, Spread - Univariate Data Description

SOFA

Shape, Outliers, Form, Association - Bivariate Data Description

BINS

Bimodal (success/failure), Independent (one trial doesn’t impact the next), Number of Trials (fixed), Success Probability (constant across trials) - Binomial Distribution Conditions

SIN

Selection (random), Independent, Normally distributed - Confidence Intervals + Significance Test Conditions

PANIC

Parameter of interest, Assumptions (SIN), Name the test, Interval, Conclude in context - Confidence Interval Procedure

PHANTOMS

Parameter of interest, Hypotheses, Assumptions (SIN), Name the test, Test statistic, Obtain p-value, Make a decision, State conclusion in context. - Significance Test Procedure

LINER

Linear, Independent, Normal, Equal Variance, Random sampling - Slope Significance Test/Confidence Interval Conditions

Describing Univariate Data

“When looking at (context), we see that the distribution has (shape). The center is (type of mode) with a (mean/median) of ____ (unit), giving a spread of (SD or IQR (units)). Using the (SD/IQR Rule), there (are/aren’t) outliers.”

Describing Bivariate Data

"When analyzing the relationship between (context), we observe that the data displays a (shape) distribution. The overall trend appears to be (form), suggesting an (association) between the variables. There appear to (be/not be) any influential/unusual points."

Coefficient of Determination R² Interpretation

“(R² as percentage)% of the variation of (y variable in context) is explained by the LSRL of the (x variable in context) in relation to the (y in context).”

Y-intercept of a Regression Model Interpretation

“At (x in context) value of 0 units, our model predicts a (y in context) value of (y-int) units.”

Slope of Regression Model Interpretation

“For every 1 unit increase in (x in context), our model predicts an average increase of (y in context).”

Confidence Interval Interpretation

“We are C% confident that the (parameter of interest) is contained in (calculated interval).”

Confidence Level Interpretation

“In the long run and many repeated trials, about C% of confidence intervals will contain the (parameter of interest).”

P-Value Interpretation

“The p-value (p-value) is the probability of getting a result as extreme or more extreme than (observed statistic).”

Fail to Reject the Null Hypothesis H_O

“Since p is greater than \alpha , there is not convinceing evidence that (Ha in context).”

Reject the Null Hypothesis H_O

“Since p is less than \alpha , there is convincing evidence that (Ha in context).”